信息技术支撑下的国土资源监管技术体系研究与应用

发布时间：2018-09-02 07:15

【摘要】：国土资源是人类生存和社会可持续发展的物质基础，也是我国社会经济可持续发展的基本保障。我国国土面积广阔，而人均资源相对稀缺，同时，开发利用又涉及到诸多纷繁复杂的利益关系，一方面要面对“保发展保红线”的双保难题，另一方面又要保障国民粮食安全，保护资源环境，现时还要将国土资源作为重要战略地位参与国家宏观调控。因此，积极加强国土资源监管力度，科学、合理地开发利用资源成为现阶段拟待解决的迫切问题。近年来，国土资源部提出要解放思想、改革创新，转变管理理念、职能和方式，从微观转向宏观，从重审批转向重监管，从重项目实施转向完善制度安排，通过综合运用法律、行政、经济、科技四大调控手段，建立“天上看、地上查、网上管”的国土资源管理新体系，强化监测监管，服务社会公众。基于此，本文以国土资源监管为中心，以其基本业务属性分类的土地资源管理、矿产资源管理、地质灾害防治及应急指挥三个方面为主要研究对象，立足系统论、信息论等多学科理论，采用理论分析与实证研究相结合、技术设计与综合示范相补充的研究方法，全面分析国土资源监管的内涵、目标、主要内容，并选择以地市级国土资源主管部门从决策、执法、监督三个层面的国土资源监管需求为关键环节，在现代信息技术支撑下搭建智能化国土资源综合监管平台，形成基本分析思路，即按照统筹城乡的思路和方法搭建、设计“决策、执行、监督”三个层面应用、遵循“全面性、整体性、关联性、共享性”原则共享、采用“集中同步、分布汇交”模式更新综合监管平台，在该思路的指导下提出指标监管、资源监测、灾害监测、审批监管、行政监察、应急指挥6种国土资源监管模式，形成了实现国土资源监管的基本研究框架，构建了以信息技术为主的科技手段融入国土资源管理的分层式国土资源监管技术体系，为国土资源管理、监测监管提供了新的思路和方法。通过本文分析及研究，得出以下主要的研究结论：（1）立足于系统科学理论，面向国土资源管理，对国土资源监管的内涵和基本特征进行了深入的剖析和研究，认为国土资源监管的最终目标是提高国土资源保障能力和保护水平，促进经济社会全面协调可持续发展，提出了基于信息技术支撑下实现国土资源监管应遵循的四个基本原则，即统一规划加强领导、面向决策服务管理、客观准确动态及时、安全规范稳定高效，同时认为国土资源监管应在事前、事中、事后三个环节对国土资源动态监测与配置、规划、利用与保护四个方面实现监管，并在此基础上，，形成国土资源监管的基本理论框架。该框架，进一步从管理、业务层面分析了国土资源监管的需求，认为国土资源监管贯穿于整个国土资源管理的各个环节和过程，总体上共分为三个层次，即：为领导及宏观调控提供依据和服务的决策层面、为基层工作人员在具体执行或落实国土资源管理政策及法律法规等业务和工作的执行层面，以及为中层干部或纪检部门提供监督检查服务的监督层面。（2）基于上述提出的国土资源监管理论框架，提出了搭建国土资源综合监管平台的主要思路，即按照统筹城乡的思路和方法搭建综合监管平台，设计“决策、执行、监督”三个层次应用综合监管平台、遵循“全面性、整体性、关联性、共享性”原则共享综合监管平台、采用“集中同步、分布汇交”模式更新综合监管平台。研究认为实现国土资源监管，须从多角度、多层次、多方面进行深入推广和应用，提出了国土资源监管的6种模式，即指标监管、资源监测、灾害监测、审批监管、行政监察和应急指挥。采用分层结构，在信息技术支撑下提出了依托科技手段实现国土资源综合监管平台的五层总体技术架构，即提供软硬件环境的平台层、数据动态获取和采集的监测层、用于数据存储和分析的数据层、以Web2.0为架构的服务层，以及面向用户的应用层。（3）采用企业应用集成（EAI）、硬件虚拟化及网络负载均衡、软件即服务（SaaS）、海量空间数据高效管理、空间数据ETL、空间信息获取及共享服务、现代通信等技术，在国土资源综合监管平台的总体架构下构建了实现国土资源综合监管平台的一整套技术体系，并形成了基于移动终端的野外数据采集系统、基于高分辨率遥感图像的监测系统、基于数据侦听技术的业务办理监控系统、基于视频技术的实时视频监控系统、基于卫星/3G无线通信技术的远程视频会议系统的5种国土资源监管方法。基于该技术体系，以成都市为综合示范试验区进行了应用示范，搭建了“1库3平台”，即成都市国土资源核心数据库和办公门户、数据门户、监测指挥（数据）中心。（4）上述国土资源监管理论框架及其技术体系所形成的国土资源综合监管平台在成都综合示范试验区应用示范效果良好，并分别在年度卫片执法检查、土地利用变化监测、土地执法动态巡查及管理、例行督查图斑分析核查、耕地保护及耕保基金发放核查、地质灾害监测与预警、地质灾害应急指挥、行政效能监察、土地节约集约利用评价、业务并联审批及反腐倡廉、国土资源现状分析等方面取得了显著的应用和示范效果。本研究的创新认识：（1）以土地资源、矿产资源、地质灾害防治及应急指挥为研究对象，面向国土资源管理及其监测监管，构建了国土资源监管理论框架，包括国土资源监管的主要内容及其监管环节，并以地市级国土资源主管部门出发，从决策、监督、执行三个层面分析了国土资源监管的需求，提出了搭建国土资源综合监管平台的主要思路，即按照统筹城乡的思路和方法搭建、设计“决策、执行、监督”三个层面应用、遵循“全面性、整体性、关联性、共享性”原则共享、采用“集中同步、分布汇交”模式更新综合监管平台，为国土资源管理提供了新的研究思路。（2）构建了以信息技术为支撑的国土资源监管技术体系。国土资源管理具有复杂性、多样性的特点，国土资源各业务之间具有相互的关联性，例如土地的“征、供、用、保、查”业务，是相互关联、有机联系的整体，某类业务是另一类业务的基础和条件；某类业务的结果，既是另一类业务的依据，也是相关指标变化的根据。本研究充分依托科技手段，综合运用和集成多学科的研究方法与手段，突出管理科学与技术学科相结合，构建以数据库管理、空间信息技术、软件工程技术、网络技术、无线通信技术等现代信息技术支撑下的国土资源监管技术体系，并在国土资源管理的事前、事中、事后三个环节通过指标监管、资源监测、灾害监测、审批监管、行政监察、应急指挥六种模式建设和应用，以打通各系统、各平台、各业务之间的关联关系，实现多种研究方法与手段的有机整合，从而更好地服务于国土资源管理。（3）以系统论的思想，将国土资源管理以一个相互联系、完整有序、动态变化的整体进行研究，在国土资源监管的理论框架及其技术体系的指导下，在成都综合应用示范区搭建了成都市国土资源综合监管平台，并取得良好应用效果。传统的国土资源监管或管理大多以单个业务或少数几个业务进行研究和分析，直接针对其本身存在的问题制定对策和解决办法，本文以系统论思想作为理论指导综合运用控制论、现代信息论的基本思路和方法，坚持系统性、整体性为研究理念，将国土资源管理视为一个有机整体，深入研究国土资源综合监管平台与各业务系统之间的关联关系，在整体到局部的层层剖析中把握国土资源监管的本质特征并打通监管平台与业务系统、业务与业务之间的关联关系，建立以“征、供、用、保、查”为主线的国土资源管理模型，于局部到整体的关系之中，面向国土资源决策进行逐级抽象和归纳总结，构建模型寻求国土资源精细化管理之道，并以成都市为综合应用示范区，对文中所提出的国土资源监管理论框架及其技术体系进行了综合应用和示范。结果表明，基于该理论框架及其技术体系所搭建的成都市国土资源综合监管平台，各项性能指标稳定，应用示范效果良好，为国土资源管理的各项提供提供了良好的信息和技术服务保障。
[Abstract]:Land and resources are the material basis of human survival and social sustainable development, and also the basic guarantee of social and economic sustainable development in China. On the other hand, it is necessary to safeguard national food security, protect resources and environment, and take land and resources as an important strategic position to participate in national macro-control.
In recent years, the Ministry of Land and Resources has proposed to emancipate the mind, reform and innovate, change management concepts, functions and methods, from micro to macro, from re-examination and approval to supervision, from project implementation to improvement of institutional arrangements, through the comprehensive use of law, administration, economy, science and technology, the establishment of a "heaven, earth, on-line management" of the country. Based on the new system of land and resources management, strengthening monitoring and supervision, serving the public, this paper takes land and resources supervision as the center, land and resources management, mineral resources management, geological hazard prevention and emergency command as the main research objects, based on the system theory, information theory and other multidisciplinary theories, and adopts it. Combining theoretical analysis with empirical research and complementing technical design with comprehensive demonstration, this paper comprehensively analyzes the connotation, objectives and main contents of land and resources supervision, and chooses the land and resources supervision needs of prefectural and municipal authorities as the key link in the modern information technology support. Build an intellectualized land and resources comprehensive supervision platform to form a basic analysis thinking, that is, according to the ideas and methods of urban and rural planning, design "decision-making, implementation, supervision" three levels of application, follow the "comprehensive, integrated, related, shared" principle of sharing, using the "centralized synchronization, distributed convergence" mode to update the comprehensive supervision level. Under the guidance of this idea, Taiwan has put forward six modes of land and resources supervision, namely, index supervision, resource monitoring, disaster monitoring, examination and approval supervision, administrative supervision and emergency command. The basic research framework for land and resources supervision has been formed, and a hierarchical land and resources supervision technology based on information technology has been constructed. The system provides new ideas and methods for land and resources management and monitoring.
Through the analysis and research, the following conclusions can be drawn:
(1) Based on the theory of system science and facing the management of land and resources, the connotation and basic characteristics of land and resources supervision are deeply analyzed and studied. It is considered that the ultimate goal of land and resources supervision is to improve the ability of land and resources protection and to promote the overall, coordinated and sustainable development of economy and society. Four basic principles should be followed to support the implementation of land and resources supervision, namely, unified planning and strengthening leadership, oriented to decision-making service management, objective, accurate, dynamic, timely, safe, standardized, stable and efficient. At the same time, land and resources supervision should be in advance, in the event, after the three links of dynamic monitoring and allocation of land and resources, planning, utilization and protection of the four. On this basis, the basic theoretical framework of land and resources supervision is formed. This framework further analyzes the needs of land and resources supervision from the management and business levels. It is considered that land and resources supervision runs through all the links and processes of land and resources management and is generally divided into three levels, namely, leadership and macro-level. At the decision-making level of providing basis and services for regulation and control, grass-roots staff in the specific implementation or implementation of land and resources management policies and laws and regulations and other business and work of the implementation level, as well as for middle-level cadres or discipline inspection departments to provide supervision and inspection services.
(2) Based on the theoretical framework of land and resources supervision put forward above, the main idea of building a comprehensive land and resources supervision platform is put forward, that is, to build a comprehensive supervision platform according to the ideas and methods of balancing urban and rural areas, to design a comprehensive supervision platform with three levels of "decision-making, implementation and supervision", and to follow the "comprehensiveness, integrity, relevance and sharing". The principle of "centralized synchronization, distributed convergence" is adopted to update the comprehensive supervision platform. The study considers that land and resources supervision should be promoted and applied from various angles, levels and aspects. Six modes of land and resources supervision are put forward, namely, index supervision, resource monitoring, disaster monitoring, examination and approval supervision. Administrative supervision and emergency command.Based on hierarchical structure and supported by information technology,a five-tier overall technical framework is proposed to realize land and resources comprehensive supervision platform by relying on scientific and technological means,that is,providing platform layer of software and hardware environment,monitoring layer of dynamic data acquisition and acquisition,data layer for data storage and analysis,and Web 2.0 framework. The service layer and user oriented application layer.
(3) Using EAI, hardware virtualization and network load balancing, software as a service (SaaS), mass spatial data efficient management, spatial data ETL, spatial information acquisition and sharing services, modern communications and other technologies, a comprehensive land and resources supervision platform is constructed under the overall framework of the comprehensive land and resources supervision platform. A complete set of technical system has been formed, and a field data acquisition system based on mobile terminals, a monitoring system based on high-resolution remote sensing images, a business management monitoring system based on data interception technology, a real-time video monitoring system based on video technology, and a remote video conference system based on satellite/3G wireless communication technology have been developed. Based on this technology system, Chengdu City was used as a comprehensive demonstration test area for application demonstration, and a "1 library 3 platform" was built, that is, Chengdu land and resources core database and office portal, data portal, monitoring and command (data) center.
(4) The above-mentioned theoretical framework of land and resources supervision and the integrated land and resources supervision platform formed by its technical system have been successfully applied in the Chengdu Comprehensive Demonstration Experimental Zone. The platform has been successfully applied in the annual satellite law enforcement inspection, land use change monitoring, land law enforcement dynamic patrol and management, routine inspection, patch analysis and verification, arable land protection and cultivation, respectively. Significant application and demonstration results have been achieved in the fields of fund issuance and verification, geological disaster monitoring and early warning, geological disaster emergency command, administrative efficiency supervision, land conservation and intensive use evaluation, business parallel examination and approval, anti-corruption and honesty, and analysis of land and resources status.
The innovative understanding of this study:
(1) Taking land resources, mineral resources, geological disaster prevention and emergency command as the research objects, and facing the land and resources management and its monitoring and supervision, the theoretical framework of land and resources supervision is constructed, including the main contents and supervision links of land and resources supervision, and starting from the prefectural and municipal authorities in charge of land and resources, the three aspects are decision-making, supervision and implementation. This paper analyzes the requirements of land and resources supervision and puts forward the main ideas of building a comprehensive land and resources supervision platform, that is, to build a comprehensive land and resources supervision platform according to the ideas and methods of urban and rural planning, to design the application of "decision-making, implementation, supervision" in three levels, to follow the principle of "comprehensiveness, integrity, relevance, sharing" and to adopt the principle of "centralized synchronization, distribution and convergence". "Mode updating comprehensive supervision platform provides a new research idea for land and resources management.
(2) The technical system of land and resources supervision supported by information technology has been constructed. Land and resources management has the characteristics of complexity and diversity, and each business of land and resources has mutual correlation. For example, land "acquisition, supply, use, guarantee and survey" business is an interrelated and organic whole, and one kind of business is the basis of another kind of business. The results of a certain type of business are not only the basis of another kind of business, but also the basis of the changes of relevant indicators.This study fully relies on scientific and technological means, comprehensive use and integration of multi-disciplinary research methods and means, highlighting the combination of management science and technology disciplines, to build a database management, spatial information technology, software engineering technology, network. Supported by modern information technology such as network technology and wireless communication technology, the land and resources supervision technology system is constructed and applied in order to open up various systems, platforms and trades through the following six modes: index supervision, resource monitoring, disaster monitoring, examination and approval supervision, administrative supervision and emergency command. The relationship between government affairs can realize the organic integration of various research methods and means so as to better serve the management of land and resources.
(3) With the thought of system theory, the land and resources management is studied as a whole, which is interrelated, complete, orderly and dynamic. Under the guidance of the theoretical framework and technical system of land and resources supervision, the comprehensive supervision platform of land and resources in Chengdu has been set up in the comprehensive application demonstration area, and has achieved good results. Most of the land and resources supervision and management are based on a single business or a few business to study and analyze, directly for its own problems to develop countermeasures and solutions, this paper takes the system theory as a theoretical guide for the comprehensive use of cybernetics, modern information theory, the basic ideas and methods, adhere to the concept of systematic, holistic Research Taking land and resources management as an organic whole, this paper makes a thorough study of the relationship between land and resources comprehensive supervision platform and various business systems, grasps the essential characteristics of land and resources supervision in the overall to local layers of analysis, and opens up the relationship between supervision platform and business system, business and business, and establishes the relationship between "requisition, supply, etc." The land and resources management model with the main line of "protection, investigation" is used to abstract and summarize the land and resources decision-making step by step in the relationship between the part and the whole. The model is constructed to seek the way of fine management of land and resources. The results show that the comprehensive supervision platform of Chengdu's land and resources based on the theoretical framework and its technical system has stable performance indexes and good application demonstration effect, which provides good information and technical service guarantee for the land and resources management.
【学位授予单位】：成都理工大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F49;F205

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