元代蒙古族经济史研究

发布时间：2018-06-10 04:13

本文选题：蒙古族 + 元代　；参考：《中央民族大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：在五千年的历史长河中,忽必烈所建立的元帝国是第一个由少数民族统一中国的政权,其所辖疆域也明显超过了秦、汉、隋、唐等汉族皇帝所建立的统一王朝。兴起于漠北三河之源的蒙古族自成吉思汗开始,便一直以剑与血的代价来换得统一大业的完成。公元十三世纪,中国终于告别了纷乱割据和南北对峙的动荡时期,迎来统一与和平的新纪元。在中国历史上,蒙古族立有大功。也正是元朝的大一统,奠定了当前中国版图的基础。吐蕃在历史上第一次划归中国行政管辖范畴,这对今日西藏地区的治理同样具有重要借鉴意义。世代居于大漠高寒草原的蒙古族以草原畜牧业为主要生产活动,其游牧文化内涵与中原农耕文明极不相同。蒙古族入主中原后,忽必烈以汉法治汉地,最大限度地降低了两种不同文明间的碰撞与摩擦。他以劝课农桑、兴办水利和恢复汉地农业生产的方式,逐渐恢复了战乱与割据时期的经济创伤,设置了中书省、枢密院、御史台等汉地式官僚机构,占领江南后又大体保留了原先的土地赋税制度,维持了当地较先进的经济结构和生产方式。元初的经济繁荣与蒙古族吸收并运用汉法治理国家具有密不可分的关系,忽必烈也是蒙古统治者中在吸收汉法和加强中央集权方面最主动、最积极的一员。蒙古族经济不仅包括聚居于大漠草原的蒙古族的生产经营活动,也应包括由蒙古皇室统治集团对全国经济的管理活动。被统治民族的经济对于蒙古族经济具有至关重要的作用,为蒙古族本部的经济繁荣提供了稳定的物资来源。中原及江南地区的财政及海外贸易收入支撑着大元帝国这个国家机器的各方面运作。蒙古族是个草原家产本位制根深蒂固的游牧民族,按照蒙古贵族家产分配的习俗,大元帝国是黄金家族的共有财产,大汗必须将国家内的土地和民众分封给各贵族宗亲领主。元朝从建国之初就具有封建领主制与集权官僚制的二重属性,大量的“蒙古旧制"因牵扯到诸王贵族的特权利益,而被保留在元朝政治经济政策的内核部分,使得国家体制呈现出二元性的特点,元王朝始终是一个中原政权模式与“蒙古旧制”的混合体。“四等人制”为主的民族压迫政策使得元朝民族矛盾与阶级矛盾极其尖锐,蒙古族劳动人口地位低下,牧奴与封建领主之间的矛盾和诸王贵族与中央政权之间的矛盾构成元代社会的主要矛盾。元代大漠南北的蒙古族经济达到了前所未有的发展高度,在畜牧业、屯田农业、手工业和草原商贸业的共同推动下,蒙古本部的经济发展繁荣而昌盛。但这一切的繁盛背后都印有深深的“官办”烙印,“富夸塞北"的经济景象实际皆由蒙古统治者利用手中行政权力逐渐转移而来。忽必烈去世后,元朝血腥残酷的皇位争夺战争持续了近三十余年,皇位与经济政策的不停变动,直接导致元朝中后期经济急剧衰退,而宫廷的奢侈性消费与佛事支出却有增无减,中央政府频繁用“变钞”的方式来搜刮民财,全国范围内的农民大起义终于爆发,元廷北迁。失去了“倾斜性”照顾政策的蒙古族经济由于缺乏自身发展的动力内核也在昙花一现后迅速瓦解,元帝国经济就此崩塌。元帝国是蒙古人在世界历史舞台上大放异彩并将中国文明带到全世界的光辉时期。元朝海外征伐与鼓励海外贸易的政策,给蒙元帝国已有游牧国家与农耕国家混合体带来了海洋国家性质。元朝对其他各民族文化包容并蓄,蒙古族与国内其他民族,如汉族、藏族之间展开了多维度的经济交往与宗教交流,与亚洲及欧洲的其他民族也进行了以贡奉贸易为主的经济往来,元朝无疑是个横跨欧亚的世界大帝国。
[Abstract]:In the history of the 5000 years , the Yuan Empire established by Kublai was the first Chinese government to unify China from ethnic minorities . The Mongolian people who emerged from the source of the three rivers in the north of the north of the Han Dynasty began to change with the price of sword and blood . In the 13th century , the Mongolian ethnic group has made a new era of unity and peace . In the 13th century , the Mongolian ethnic group is the foundation of the current Chinese layout . The first time in history is the Chinese administrative jurisdiction , which is of great significance to the governance of the Tibetan region today .

The Mongolian nationality in the desert alpine steppe is mainly produced by the grassland animal husbandry . The connotation of nomadic culture is different from that of the former farming civilization .

The Mongolian economy not only includes the production and operation activities of the Mongols living in the desert steppe , but also the management activities of the Mongolian royal ruling group to the national economy . The economy of the ruled nation has a vital role to the Mongolian economy , and provides a stable source of material for the economic prosperity of the Mongolian economy . The financial and overseas trade income of the Central Plains and the Yangtze River supports the operation of the national machinery of the empire .

The Mongolian is a deep - rooted nomadic people in the native place of the prairie . According to the custom of the distribution of the noble family in Mongolia , the Dayuan empire is the common property of the gold family , and the great Khan has to divide the land and the people in the country to the leaders of each noble family .

The Mongolian economy in the north and south of the Yuan Dynasty reached an unprecedented level of development , and the economic development of Mongolia was prosperous and prosperous under the co - promotion of animal husbandry , Tuen Mun agriculture , handicrafts and grassland and trade . After the death of Kublai , the bloody and cruel crown of Yuan Dynasty fought for more than thirty years , and imperial and economic policies were constantly changing , which directly led to a sharp decline in the economy in the middle and late period of the Yuan Dynasty .

In the Yuan Dynasty , the Yuan Dynasty was a great empire across Europe . The Yuan Dynasty is undoubtedly a great empire across Europe .
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F129

【参考文献】