晚清至民国蒙古族经济史研究

发布时间：2018-06-22 00:32

本文选题：晚清 + 民国　；参考：《中央民族大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：晚清至民国蒙古族经济史研究以1840年鸦片战争为起点,以1949年新中国成立为终点,历时一百一十年。百年里,蒙古族经济从自主走向半殖民地化,又从半殖民地化坠入殖民地化；百年里,蒙古族自己自足的生产方式被打破,取而代之的是各剥削阶级无以复加的疯狂掠夺；也是在这一百年里,蒙古族畜牧业由盛至衰,跌入历史最低谷。可以说,晚清至民国的百年历史是以日、俄为首的帝国主义列强对蒙古族经济的侵略史,也是蒙古族经济的衰落史,更是蒙古族人民维护经济利益的血泪史和反抗史。 1840年爆发的鸦片战争将中国历史带入晚清时段,也开启了帝国主义列强掠夺蒙古族经济的历史,蒙古族经济由盛转衰,经济制度由封建制转至半殖民地半官僚制。以日俄为首的帝国主义列强通过在蒙古族聚居区传播洋教、开设洋行、培植高利贷商人的方式掠夺蒙古族资源、抢占蒙古族土地、搜刮蒙古族百姓。腐朽无能的清政府不仅无力抵抗,反而默认纵容,在财政枯竭,国库无源的情况下,清政府也将搜掠的矛头指向广大蒙古族人民,“新政”和“移民实边”政策即是清政府对蒙古族经济搜刮的开始。蒙古族王公为博得清政府的垂青,满足自身对奢靡生活的追求,不仅对清政府开垦蒙荒之策积极迎合,更有甚者主动向清政府呈奉土地,以获得加官进爵之机和丰厚银两之赏。可怜的蒙古族人民在晚清时期同时遭受着来自帝国主义列强、清政府、蒙古王公、喇嘛的多重剥削,经济压力之大、生计之苦无以言表。为维护自身经济利益,保护蒙古族土地,历来英勇且具有反抗精神的蒙古族人民开始了反帝、反清、反蒙古封建王公的斗争历程,虽最终均以失败告终,但在一定程度上打击了各反动政权的掠夺气焰,延缓了对蒙古族的土地开发和经济掠夺。 1911年10月10日,由孙中山领导的新民主主义革命推翻了清王朝的腐朽统治,持续两千多年的封建君主专制制度随即灭亡,但蒙古族所承受的经济剥削不但没有消失,取而代之的是北洋政府、国民政府、日本、俄国等军阀和列强轮流甚至同时的经济压迫。在这个黑暗且混乱的历史时期内,蒙古族基本上失去了经济的自主权,更谈不上经济的发展。在北洋政府、国民政府、伪满兴安政府和伪蒙疆政府的多重剥削下,蒙古族经济半殖民地化程度逐渐加深,甚至被完全殖民化。此时期的蒙古族民众有忍受,也有反抗,“独贵龙”抗垦斗争此起彼伏,著名的嘎达梅林起义就是最典型的代表。但蒙古族人民的反抗斗争终因统治阶级势力过于强大而失败,但其保护蒙古族牧场,为蒙古族的经济利益不懈斗争的精神世代颂扬。值得庆幸的是,民国时期还存在着一个正义且民主的政权最终将蒙古族人民从水深火热中解救出来,这个政权就是由中国共产党领导的新民主主义革命政权,其通过在蒙古族聚居区建立抗日根据地和解放区的方式带领蒙古族人民摆脱了反动政权繁重的经济压迫,走上了没有经济压迫和剥削的自治发展道路。本文以晚清至民国时期蒙古族农牧民与统治阶级之间的经济矛盾为主线,以该时期蒙古族人口、畜牧业、农业、工商业、金融货币业及蒙古族与其他民族的经济关系等方面为主要研究内容,最终总结出该时期蒙古族经济的发展趋势,并以史为鉴,吸取教训,致用今朝。
[Abstract]:The study on the economic history of the Mongolian nationality in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China took the Opium War in 1840 as the starting point, and took the founding of the new China as the end of the year in 1949. It took one hundred and ten years. In a hundred years, the Mongolian economy went from autonomy to semi colonization and from semi colonization to colonization. In a hundred years, the Mongolian self-sufficient mode of production was broken and replaced. It is the crazy plundering of the exploitation class, and in the one hundred years, the Mongolian animal husbandry has fallen from its prosperity to the lowest point of history. It can be said that the history of the century of the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China is the history of aggression against the Mongolian economy, the history of the Mongolian economy, and the maintenance of the Mongolian people. The history of blood tears and the history of resistance in economic interests.
The Opium War, which broke out in 1840, brought Chinese history into the period of the late Qing Dynasty, and opened the history of the imperialist powers plundering the Mongolian economy. The economy of the Mongolian nationality was turned from prosperity to decline, and the economic system was transferred from feudalism to semi colonial and semi bureaucracy. By planting the usurer, the Mongolian resources are plundered, Mongolian land is seized and Mongolian people are seized. The corrupt and incompetent Qing government is not only unable to resist, but acquieses by default. In the case of financial exhaustion and the passive state of the Treasury, the Qing government also points to the ancient people of Guang Dameng, the "New Deal" and "immigrant real" policy, that is, The Qing government began to search for the Mongolian economy. The Mongol Wang Gong was able to win the Qing government and meet his own pursuit of extravagant life. Not only did it actively cater for the policy of reclamation of the Qing government, but also took the initiative to present the land to the Qing government, so that the poor Mongolian people were in the late Qing Dynasty. At the same time, the period suffered from the multiple exploitation of the imperialist powers, the Qing government, the Mongolia Wang Gong, the Lama, the great economic pressure, and the livelihood of the Mongol people who had always fought against imperialism, anti Qing and anti Mongolia feudal princes. All of them ended in failure, but to a certain extent, they attacked the plundering of the reactionary regimes and delayed the land exploitation and economic plundering of the Mongolian people.
In October 10, 1911, the new democratic revolution led by Sun Zhongshan overthrew the decadent rule of the Qing Dynasty. The autocratic monarchy system of the feudal monarchy lasted for more than two thousand years, but the economic exploitation of the Mongolian people has not disappeared, but instead of the northern foreign government, the national government, Japan and Russia, the warlords and the powers are in turn even the same. In this dark and chaotic historical period, the Mongolian nationality had lost its economic autonomy and not the economic development. Under the multiple exploitation of the Beiyang government, the national government, the puppet Xingan government and the puppet Mongol government, the semi colonial degree of the Mongolian economy was gradually deepened and even completely colonized. The Mongolian people in the period had endured and rebelled, and the struggle for resistance to reclamation of the "single dragon" was the most typical representative. However, the rebellion struggle of the Mongolian people eventually failed because the ruling class was too powerful, but it protected the Mongolian ranch and struggled unremittingly for the economic interests of the Mongolian nationality. Glorification.
Fortunately, there was a just and democratic regime in the Republic of China that eventually saved the Mongolian people from the hot water. This regime was a new democratic revolutionary regime led by the Communist Party of China, which led the Mongolian people through the establishment of the Anti Japanese base areas and Jiefang District in the Mongol habitation area. Without the heavy economic oppression of the reactionary regime, it has embarked on the path of self governance without economic oppression and exploitation.
This paper, taking the economic contradiction between the Mongolian farmers and herdsmen and the ruling class of the Mongolian nationality in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China as the main line, mainly studies the Mongolian population, animal husbandry, agriculture, industry and commerce, the financial and monetary industry and the economic relations between the Mongolian and other ethnic groups, and finally summarizes the development trend of the Mongolian economy in this period, and then, Learn from history, learn lessons, and use it today.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F129

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