德国劳动力市场体系改革及其宏观经济效应评估
发布时间：2018-09-15 06:36
【摘要】：市场的基本构成要素是价格(p)和产量(q),相类同,劳动力市场由工资(价格)和劳工(就业)组成。劳工只有在保障、安全的前提下才能积极投入生产,从而促进社会、经济的可持续发展。所以,劳动力市场体系的基本构成是工资设定和社会保障制度。在大多数西方国家中,工资由工会和雇主协会的讨价还价设定。Esping-Andersen (1990)根据“去商品化”程度,将西方福利国家分为自由主义(英美体系)、合作主义(俾斯麦大陆体系)和社会民主主义(北欧模式)等三种类型。在德国,工资议价过程由出口制造业行业的工会主导；社会福利体系为保守的俾斯麦大陆体系,以社会保险为主要内容；而居于德国劳动力市场核心的标准雇佣关系(Standard Employment Relationship)将这两者联系起来,并且社会伙伴(包括工会、雇主协会等)发挥着很重要的作用。因为德国的经济结构特点和经济发展战略(发展出口制造业为主导),德国劳动力市场体系以标准雇佣为基础,为签订标准雇佣合同的劳工提供完善的解雇保护、工资水平和失业福利,并以较高的劳资谈判覆盖率和工会密度为特点。而最初的模式是以男性养家糊口者为中心,女性和孩子的福利依赖于男性的标准雇佣合同,但维持这种模式的充要条件是充分就业。随着石油危机爆发,充分就业的状态终止,紧接着,德国发生了一系列经济、社会结构的变化。经济、社会结构的转型必然要求经济、社会政策的改革。为了应对客观环境的变化和较高的失业率,德国劳动力市场经历了改革,如众所周知的哈茨方案。劳动力市场体系的变化包括工会妥协形成的工资节制增长、失业福利削减、广泛运用积极的劳动力市场政策、劳动税(主要指社会保险税)改革等。总体来看,德国劳动力市场体系遵循了增加的但前后不完全一致的改革路径,且没有打破劳动力市场的核心——标准雇佣关系,核心、边缘的改革具有二元性特点。 原本刚性的以标准雇佣为基础的核心劳动力市场,通过开始条款、短时工作制、工时账户制等创造了内部灵活性,雇主协会与工会之间达成了工资节制增长的协议；同时兼职工、临时工、小时工、迷你工作等非标准型工作的增加极大地促进了固定期限合同的发展和边缘劳动力市场的灵活性。通过评估,德国劳动力市场体系改革已相当积极,创造了劳动力市场的灵活性,增加了劳动力供给；工资节制增长增加了劳动力需求：这两者共同抬高均衡就业水平。08年德国出现就业高峰,金融危机期间出现“就业奇迹”。然而,鉴于总工作时间的不断减少、长期失业率问题依然严重、对低技能失业者的激励作用有限,德国就业的增加就被打折扣了。此外,OECD经济调查报告显示,从长期来看,德国的失业人数将会增多、就业率会下降。其实,根据经济学模型,如果追求就业的可持续增长,国内总需求显得更重要。对比各国GDP构成要素对GDP增长的贡献、投资及储蓄水平,德国相对内需疲弱,这一点不利于德国实现GDP的潜在产出水平、提高生产率和增加就业。因此,劳动力市场体系改革在提高市场灵活性的同时,不能阻碍内需增长；灵活的劳动力市场只有与充足的国内总需求相结合,才能进一步促进就业的可持续增长。
[Abstract]:The basic elements of the market are price (p) and output (q). Similarly, the labor market consists of wages (price) and labor (employment). Labor can only be actively put into production under the premise of security and safety, thus promoting the sustainable development of society and economy. Therefore, the basic components of the labor market system are wage setting and social security. In most Western countries, wages are set by bargaining between unions and employers'associations. Esping-Andersen (1990) classifies Western welfare countries into three categories: liberal (Anglo-American system), cooperative (Bismarck continental system) and social democracy (Nordic model) according to the degree of "de-commercialization". The bargaining process is dominated by trade unions in the export manufacturing sector; the social welfare system is the conservative Bismarck mainland system, with social insurance as its main content; and the Standard Employment Relationship, which is at the heart of the German labor market, links the two, and social partners (including trade unions and employers'associations) The German labor market system, based on standard employment, provides complete layoff protection, wage levels and unemployment benefits for workers who sign standard employment contracts, and has a high coverage rate of labor bargaining. The original model was centered on male breadwinners, and the welfare of women and children depended on men's standard employment contracts, but sufficient and necessary conditions were full employment. The transformation of the economic and social structure necessarily requires the reform of the economic and social policies. In response to the changes in the objective environment and the high unemployment rate, the German labor market has undergone reforms, such as the well-known Hartz scheme. Generally speaking, the German labor market system has followed an increasing but inconsistent path of reform, and has not broken the core of the labor market - the standard employment relationship, the core, the edge of the reform has dual characteristics.
The rigid core labor market, based on standard employment, creates internal flexibility through start clauses, short-term work schedules, man-hour accounts, etc. Employer associations and trade unions have reached agreements on wage growth control; and the increase in non-standard jobs, such as part-time workers, casual workers, hourly workers, and mini-jobs, has greatly facilitated this. The development of fixed-term contracts and the flexibility of the marginal labor market have been assessed. The reform of the German labor market system has been quite active, creating flexibility in the labor market and increasing labor supply; wage restraint has increased labor demand: both have raised the level of balanced employment. Germany emerged in 2008. However, in view of the decreasing total working hours, the long-term unemployment rate and the limited incentives for the low-skilled unemployed, the increase in employment in Germany has been discounted. In fact, according to the economic model, if the pursuit of sustainable employment growth, domestic demand is even more important. Comparing the contribution of GDP components to GDP growth, the level of investment and savings, Germany's relative domestic demand is weak, which is not conducive to Germany's potential output level of GDP, productivity and growth. Therefore, the reform of the labor market system can not hinder the growth of domestic demand while improving market flexibility; flexible labor market can further promote the sustainable growth of employment only by combining with sufficient domestic demand.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F249.516;F151.6
本文编号：2244068
[Abstract]:The basic elements of the market are price (p) and output (q). Similarly, the labor market consists of wages (price) and labor (employment). Labor can only be actively put into production under the premise of security and safety, thus promoting the sustainable development of society and economy. Therefore, the basic components of the labor market system are wage setting and social security. In most Western countries, wages are set by bargaining between unions and employers'associations. Esping-Andersen (1990) classifies Western welfare countries into three categories: liberal (Anglo-American system), cooperative (Bismarck continental system) and social democracy (Nordic model) according to the degree of "de-commercialization". The bargaining process is dominated by trade unions in the export manufacturing sector; the social welfare system is the conservative Bismarck mainland system, with social insurance as its main content; and the Standard Employment Relationship, which is at the heart of the German labor market, links the two, and social partners (including trade unions and employers'associations) The German labor market system, based on standard employment, provides complete layoff protection, wage levels and unemployment benefits for workers who sign standard employment contracts, and has a high coverage rate of labor bargaining. The original model was centered on male breadwinners, and the welfare of women and children depended on men's standard employment contracts, but sufficient and necessary conditions were full employment. The transformation of the economic and social structure necessarily requires the reform of the economic and social policies. In response to the changes in the objective environment and the high unemployment rate, the German labor market has undergone reforms, such as the well-known Hartz scheme. Generally speaking, the German labor market system has followed an increasing but inconsistent path of reform, and has not broken the core of the labor market - the standard employment relationship, the core, the edge of the reform has dual characteristics.
The rigid core labor market, based on standard employment, creates internal flexibility through start clauses, short-term work schedules, man-hour accounts, etc. Employer associations and trade unions have reached agreements on wage growth control; and the increase in non-standard jobs, such as part-time workers, casual workers, hourly workers, and mini-jobs, has greatly facilitated this. The development of fixed-term contracts and the flexibility of the marginal labor market have been assessed. The reform of the German labor market system has been quite active, creating flexibility in the labor market and increasing labor supply; wage restraint has increased labor demand: both have raised the level of balanced employment. Germany emerged in 2008. However, in view of the decreasing total working hours, the long-term unemployment rate and the limited incentives for the low-skilled unemployed, the increase in employment in Germany has been discounted. In fact, according to the economic model, if the pursuit of sustainable employment growth, domestic demand is even more important. Comparing the contribution of GDP components to GDP growth, the level of investment and savings, Germany's relative domestic demand is weak, which is not conducive to Germany's potential output level of GDP, productivity and growth. Therefore, the reform of the labor market system can not hinder the growth of domestic demand while improving market flexibility; flexible labor market can further promote the sustainable growth of employment only by combining with sufficient domestic demand.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F249.516;F151.6
【参考文献】
相关期刊论文 前1条
1 汉斯约克·奥托;张萱;;论德国劳动力市场存在的问题[J];南京大学法律评论;1997年01期
，本文编号：2244068
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