基于利益集团视角的城乡收入差距问题研究
发布时间：2019-02-15 03:41
【摘要】：我国自古以来就是农业大国,农民是我国社会的重要组成部分。农业的发展、农村的繁荣、农民的富裕幸福对于国家繁荣稳定具有重要意义。建国后政府出于战略考虑,提出优先发展工业,并采取“工农剪刀差”等方式用农业剩余补贴工业,扶持工业发展,结果使城乡收入差距问题日趋严峻。改革开放以来,城乡人均可支配收入呈扩大趋势。1978年时城市居民人均可支配收入为343元,农村居民人均可支配收入为133元,城市居民人均可支配收入比农村居民高210元。到2012年,城市居民人均可支配收入为24565元,农村居民可支配收入为7917元,两者的差距扩大到16648元。改革开放34年城乡人均可支配收入差额扩大了约79.3倍。世界银行报告显示,在全世界绝大多数国家,城乡居民收入比约为1.3,世界上城乡收入比大于2.0的仅有两个国家。而我国城乡居民收入比自1978年以来基本维持在2.46—3.15之间。 我国巨大的城乡收入差距制约了农村居民消费水平的提高、影响到我国经济的健康可持续发展,而且巨大的城乡收入差距易导致农村居民心理失衡,进而引发一系列社会问题。因此,缩小我国城乡收入差距迫在眉睫。 学界关于城乡收入差距问题产生的原因分析有工农剪刀差说、城乡户籍制度说、农村人多地少的国情说等理论。这些理论一定程度上解释我国城乡收入差距悬殊现象存在的原因,不过没有触及到问题的根源。本文认为,城乡收入差距问题的出现归根结底是由于政策形成过程中农民利益集团的缺位,农民不能发出自己的声音,维护自身的生存权和发展权。文章首先从城乡居民人均收入差距大、城乡居民收入增长速度差距大两个方面介绍了我国城乡收入差距问题的现状,并分析了城乡收入差距问题对产业结构、经济增长和社会稳定的影响；其次,文章对城乡收入差距问题相关主体以及三者的博弈过程进行了分析,指出城乡利益集团实力不均衡导致政府制定出城市偏向政策,进而产生城乡收入差距问题,比如工农剪刀差、城乡户籍等制度在形成过程中,由于农民利益集团的缺位,城市利益集团在参与制度设计时拥有绝对的发言权,导致国家在利益分配时向城市倾斜,并把这种情况以法律的形式固定下来,维持到今天,导致城乡收入差距问题愈发严峻；第三,由于城乡收入差距是城乡利益集团实力不均衡而导致政府在制定政策时向城市倾斜制形成城市偏向政策而引致的,所以城乡收入差距问题的解决要从纠正城市偏向政策和提高农民组织化水平着手,因此,本文从进行城乡统筹的制度安排和提高农民组织化水平两个维度提出缩小城乡收入差距问题的政策建议。
[Abstract]:China has been an agricultural country since ancient times, and farmers are an important part of our society. The development of agriculture, the prosperity of the countryside and the prosperity and happiness of the peasants are of great significance to the prosperity and stability of the country. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the government proposed to give priority to the development of industry, and to use agricultural surplus subsidy to support industrial development by means of "industrial and agricultural scissors difference". As a result, the income gap between urban and rural areas became more and more serious. Since the reform and opening up, the per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents has been increasing. In 1978, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 343 yuan, that of rural residents was 133 yuan, and the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 210 yuan higher than that of rural residents. By 2012, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 24565 yuan, while that of rural residents was 7917 yuan, widening the gap to 16648 yuan. In 34 years of reform and opening up, the per capita disposable income gap between urban and rural areas increased by about 79.3 times. The World Bank reports that in the vast majority of countries around the world, the urban-rural income ratio is about 1.3, and only two countries in the world have urban-rural income ratios greater than 2.0. The income ratio of urban and rural residents in China has remained between 2.46 and 3.15 since 1978. The huge urban-rural income gap restricts the improvement of the consumption level of rural residents and affects the healthy and sustainable development of our economy. Moreover, the huge urban-rural income gap can easily lead to the psychological imbalance of rural residents and lead to a series of social problems. Therefore, it is urgent to narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas. The reasons for the problem of income gap between urban and rural areas in academic circles are: the theory of cutting knife difference between workers and peasants, the theory of urban and rural household registration system, the theory of the national conditions of rural people with a large number of land and less land, and so on. To some extent, these theories explain the existence of the disparity between urban and rural income, but do not touch the root of the problem. In the final analysis, the problem of urban-rural income gap is due to the absence of farmers' interest groups in the process of policy formation, and farmers cannot make their own voices and safeguard their rights to survival and development. This paper first introduces the current situation of income gap between urban and rural areas from two aspects: the gap of income per capita between urban and rural residents and the gap of income growth rate between urban and rural residents, and analyzes the industrial structure of urban-rural income gap. The impact of economic growth and social stability; Secondly, the paper analyzes the related subjects of urban-rural income gap and their game process, and points out that the imbalance of the strength of urban and rural interest groups leads the government to formulate a policy of urban bias, which leads to the problem of urban-rural income gap. For example, in the process of forming such systems as industrial and agricultural scissors and household registration in urban and rural areas, due to the absence of peasant interest groups, urban interest groups have an absolute right of say in the design of the system, resulting in the country tilting towards the city in the distribution of interests. And this situation is fixed in the form of law, which leads to the problem of income gap between urban and rural areas becoming more and more serious. Third, the income gap between urban and rural areas is caused by the imbalance of the strength of urban and rural interest groups, which results in the government inclining to the city in formulating policies and resulting in a policy of urban bias. Therefore, to solve the problem of urban-rural income gap, we should start with correcting the policy of urban bias and raising the level of farmers' organization. Therefore, This paper puts forward some policy suggestions on narrowing the income gap between urban and rural areas from the two aspects of the institutional arrangement of urban and rural planning and the improvement of farmers' organizational level.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F124.7
本文编号：2422924
[Abstract]:China has been an agricultural country since ancient times, and farmers are an important part of our society. The development of agriculture, the prosperity of the countryside and the prosperity and happiness of the peasants are of great significance to the prosperity and stability of the country. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the government proposed to give priority to the development of industry, and to use agricultural surplus subsidy to support industrial development by means of "industrial and agricultural scissors difference". As a result, the income gap between urban and rural areas became more and more serious. Since the reform and opening up, the per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents has been increasing. In 1978, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 343 yuan, that of rural residents was 133 yuan, and the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 210 yuan higher than that of rural residents. By 2012, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 24565 yuan, while that of rural residents was 7917 yuan, widening the gap to 16648 yuan. In 34 years of reform and opening up, the per capita disposable income gap between urban and rural areas increased by about 79.3 times. The World Bank reports that in the vast majority of countries around the world, the urban-rural income ratio is about 1.3, and only two countries in the world have urban-rural income ratios greater than 2.0. The income ratio of urban and rural residents in China has remained between 2.46 and 3.15 since 1978. The huge urban-rural income gap restricts the improvement of the consumption level of rural residents and affects the healthy and sustainable development of our economy. Moreover, the huge urban-rural income gap can easily lead to the psychological imbalance of rural residents and lead to a series of social problems. Therefore, it is urgent to narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas. The reasons for the problem of income gap between urban and rural areas in academic circles are: the theory of cutting knife difference between workers and peasants, the theory of urban and rural household registration system, the theory of the national conditions of rural people with a large number of land and less land, and so on. To some extent, these theories explain the existence of the disparity between urban and rural income, but do not touch the root of the problem. In the final analysis, the problem of urban-rural income gap is due to the absence of farmers' interest groups in the process of policy formation, and farmers cannot make their own voices and safeguard their rights to survival and development. This paper first introduces the current situation of income gap between urban and rural areas from two aspects: the gap of income per capita between urban and rural residents and the gap of income growth rate between urban and rural residents, and analyzes the industrial structure of urban-rural income gap. The impact of economic growth and social stability; Secondly, the paper analyzes the related subjects of urban-rural income gap and their game process, and points out that the imbalance of the strength of urban and rural interest groups leads the government to formulate a policy of urban bias, which leads to the problem of urban-rural income gap. For example, in the process of forming such systems as industrial and agricultural scissors and household registration in urban and rural areas, due to the absence of peasant interest groups, urban interest groups have an absolute right of say in the design of the system, resulting in the country tilting towards the city in the distribution of interests. And this situation is fixed in the form of law, which leads to the problem of income gap between urban and rural areas becoming more and more serious. Third, the income gap between urban and rural areas is caused by the imbalance of the strength of urban and rural interest groups, which results in the government inclining to the city in formulating policies and resulting in a policy of urban bias. Therefore, to solve the problem of urban-rural income gap, we should start with correcting the policy of urban bias and raising the level of farmers' organization. Therefore, This paper puts forward some policy suggestions on narrowing the income gap between urban and rural areas from the two aspects of the institutional arrangement of urban and rural planning and the improvement of farmers' organizational level.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F124.7
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