Allee效应、多Allee效应及其时空动态
发布时间：2018-08-16 17:31
【摘要】：Allee效应是指低密度时个体适合度与种群密度之间的一种正关系,是当前生态学、入侵生物学和保护生物学的研究热点。近年来有大量的实验证据表明物种存在多Allee效应,而且形成Allee效应的机制很多,因此研究多Allee效应如何影响种群动态和续存是非常必要的,但目前对多Allee效应的理论研究很少。本论文主要从理论上讨论Allee效应及多Allee效应对种群的时空动态影响。首先详细讨论了Allee效应的定义、形成机制、类型、模型以及它在生物保护学中的应用;然后通过机理性建模和现象性建模相结合的方式建立了空间结构种群的多Allee效应模型,研究了两个组分Allee效应的相互作用,并通过元胞自动机模型和概率转移模型揭示了局部扩散对多Allee效应及种群稳定性的影响;最后建立了遭受Allee效应的Lotka-Volterra互惠模型,研究了全局扩散和局部扩散下Allee效应对互惠种群稳定性的影响。论文主要采用两种研究手法:一是构建微分动力系统模型,利用相平面分析以及数值解对系统的平衡点及其稳定性进行阐述;二是建立空间显含模型并进行模拟,实现空间模式、结构与动态的可视化,弥补空间隐含模型对空间结构研究的不足。通过上面几个方面的研究,主要得出如下新结果:(1)生物有机体对环境的修复是系统产生Allee效应(双稳态)的关键因素,生物有机体与环境的反馈可产生弱Allee效应、强Allee效应和致命Allee效应;(2)生物有机体与环境的反馈产生的Allee效应(AE-by-OEF)与其他机制引起的Allee效应(AE-by-OM)之间的相互作用(多Allee效应),不仅扩大了Allee阈值,而且改变了Allee效应的类型,很大程度上增加了种群的灭绝风险;(3)多个Allee效应可能比单个Allee效应的简单和更强,这意味着多个Allee效应的相互作用可以是非线性的;(4)AE-by-OM是种群动态的不稳定因素,强度过大种群将灭绝;在AE-by-OM的适当强度下,AE-by-OEF是种群动态的稳定化因素,生物有机体对环境的正反馈越大,越有利于种群的续存;(5)生物有机体与环境之间的空间局部相互作用可以使单独的或叠加的Allee效应大大减轻甚至消失,局部扩散有利于种群的续存;(6)虽然受到Allee效应的种群在低密度局部区域会使子种群灭绝,但是在高密度区域可以使种群全局续存,模式形成可以防止种群灭绝;(7)通常互惠关系使系统不稳定,引入Allee效应后能使系统稳定,因此,Allee效应对互惠系统起稳定化作用;(8)Allee效应在互惠种群动态中扮演稳定还是不稳定角色取决于它的强度;强Allee效应会导致其中一个物种灭绝或两个物种同时灭绝,但物种间的互惠作用减小了系统的Allee阈值,降低了物种的灭绝风险。
[Abstract]:Allee effect is a positive relationship between individual fitness and population density at low density. It is a hot topic in ecology, invasive biology and conservation biology. In recent years, there is a lot of experimental evidence that there are many Allee effects in species, and there are many mechanisms to form Allee effects. Therefore, it is necessary to study how the multiple Allee effect affects population dynamics and survival, but there are few theoretical studies on the multi-Allee effect at present. In this paper, the effects of Allee effect and multiple Allee effect on the spatial and temporal dynamics of the population are discussed theoretically. Firstly, the definition, formation mechanism, type, model and its application in biological conservation of Allee effect are discussed in detail, and then the multi-Allee effect model of spatial structure population is established by combining mechanical modeling with phenomenal modeling. The interaction of Allee effect between two components is studied, and the effect of local diffusion on multiple Allee effect and population stability is revealed by cellular automata model and probabilistic transfer model. Finally, a Lotka-Volterra reciprocal model is established, which suffers from Allee effect. The effect of Allee effect on the stability of reciprocal population under global diffusion and local diffusion is studied. This paper mainly adopts two research methods: one is to construct the differential dynamic system model, the other is to establish the spatial explicit model and simulate the equilibrium point and stability of the system by using phase plane analysis and numerical solution. To realize the visualization of spatial pattern, structure and dynamics, and to make up for the deficiency of spatial implicit model in the study of spatial structure. The main results are as follows: (1) the restoration of the environment by biological organisms is the key factor to produce the Allee effect (bistable state) of the system, and the feedback between the organism and the environment can produce the weak Allee effect. Strong Allee effect and fatal Allee effect, (2) interaction between Allee effect (AE-by-OEF) and Allee effect (AE-by-OM) induced by other mechanisms not only enlarged Allee threshold, but also changed the type of Allee effect. (3) multiple Allee effects may be simpler and stronger than individual Allee effects, which means that the interactions of multiple Allee effects can be nonlinear; (4) AE-by-OM is an unstable factor in population dynamics. If the intensity is too large, the population will go extinct; under the appropriate intensity of AE-by-OM, AE-by-OEF is the stabilizing factor of the population dynamics, and the positive feedback of biological organisms to the environment is greater. (5) the spatial local interaction between organism and environment can greatly reduce or even disappear the individual or superimposed Allee effect. (6) although the population affected by Allee effect will become extinct in the low density region, the population can survive globally in the high density region. The model formation can prevent the population extinction. (7) the system is unstable by mutual relations, and the system can be stabilized by introducing the Allee effect. Therefore, the Allee effect plays a stabilizing role in the reciprocal system; (8) the Allee effect plays a stable or unstable role in the reciprocal population dynamics depending on its intensity; the strong Allee effect can result in one species extinction or two species extinction at the same time. But the reciprocity between species reduces the Allee threshold of the system and reduces the extinction risk of species.
【学位授予单位】：甘肃农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：O175
本文编号：2186682
[Abstract]:Allee effect is a positive relationship between individual fitness and population density at low density. It is a hot topic in ecology, invasive biology and conservation biology. In recent years, there is a lot of experimental evidence that there are many Allee effects in species, and there are many mechanisms to form Allee effects. Therefore, it is necessary to study how the multiple Allee effect affects population dynamics and survival, but there are few theoretical studies on the multi-Allee effect at present. In this paper, the effects of Allee effect and multiple Allee effect on the spatial and temporal dynamics of the population are discussed theoretically. Firstly, the definition, formation mechanism, type, model and its application in biological conservation of Allee effect are discussed in detail, and then the multi-Allee effect model of spatial structure population is established by combining mechanical modeling with phenomenal modeling. The interaction of Allee effect between two components is studied, and the effect of local diffusion on multiple Allee effect and population stability is revealed by cellular automata model and probabilistic transfer model. Finally, a Lotka-Volterra reciprocal model is established, which suffers from Allee effect. The effect of Allee effect on the stability of reciprocal population under global diffusion and local diffusion is studied. This paper mainly adopts two research methods: one is to construct the differential dynamic system model, the other is to establish the spatial explicit model and simulate the equilibrium point and stability of the system by using phase plane analysis and numerical solution. To realize the visualization of spatial pattern, structure and dynamics, and to make up for the deficiency of spatial implicit model in the study of spatial structure. The main results are as follows: (1) the restoration of the environment by biological organisms is the key factor to produce the Allee effect (bistable state) of the system, and the feedback between the organism and the environment can produce the weak Allee effect. Strong Allee effect and fatal Allee effect, (2) interaction between Allee effect (AE-by-OEF) and Allee effect (AE-by-OM) induced by other mechanisms not only enlarged Allee threshold, but also changed the type of Allee effect. (3) multiple Allee effects may be simpler and stronger than individual Allee effects, which means that the interactions of multiple Allee effects can be nonlinear; (4) AE-by-OM is an unstable factor in population dynamics. If the intensity is too large, the population will go extinct; under the appropriate intensity of AE-by-OM, AE-by-OEF is the stabilizing factor of the population dynamics, and the positive feedback of biological organisms to the environment is greater. (5) the spatial local interaction between organism and environment can greatly reduce or even disappear the individual or superimposed Allee effect. (6) although the population affected by Allee effect will become extinct in the low density region, the population can survive globally in the high density region. The model formation can prevent the population extinction. (7) the system is unstable by mutual relations, and the system can be stabilized by introducing the Allee effect. Therefore, the Allee effect plays a stabilizing role in the reciprocal system; (8) the Allee effect plays a stable or unstable role in the reciprocal population dynamics depending on its intensity; the strong Allee effect can result in one species extinction or two species extinction at the same time. But the reciprocity between species reduces the Allee threshold of the system and reduces the extinction risk of species.
【学位授予单位】：甘肃农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：O175
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