生命中心论的价值内涵

发布时间：2018-04-22 22:38

本文选题：环境伦理 + 善　；参考：《南京林业大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2016年02期

【摘要】：保罗·泰勒的生命中心论是当代环境伦理学之道义论进路的代表。然而,在价值论层面,生命中心论的立场是暧昧的。泰勒在承认价值的主体性的同时,试图通过"实体自身的善"的概念达到"道德可考量性"的客观性铺垫,后者展开为主体间一致的"固有值得"之概念的阐明。进一步地,泰勒的"实体自身的善"指向实体的"真正的善"而非其"表象的善"。以此,这种道义论式的"善"对于所有的理性主体而言是普遍必然的。虽然泰勒的价值论进路颇具匠心,但是并没能摆脱实然与应然的张力。对于泰勒的"具有其自身的善的实体"的判据命题,本文指出,该命题并不取决于其真值性,而仅仅指向其意义性。特别地,实体是否具有其自身的善的判断并不在于判据命题主谓间的逻辑有效性,而在于主词本身的性质。这种以内在预设规定外在期望的思路是康德式的。因此,在伦理学的功能构架上,泰勒的"固有值得",大体只是道义论价值的一种重言,而固有值得的不可替代性也为非结果主义的个体主义道德实践提供了本体依据。以满足普遍必然性为内在要求,泰勒所谓的"最高价值"的内涵,指向的不是作为终极目的的价值,而是作为其他一切可能价值之基础的价值。然而,这种满足普遍必然性的基础"善"的本质内涵只是一切生命形式的实证解析,在其基本层面收敛于生理需求的满足,从而不可避免地带有自然主义的色彩。以此,泰勒的价值论展示了现代伦理学中事实—价值二分的困境,而关于固有值得在作为实然的"善"之外的应然维度,泰勒的阐述是不充分的。
[Abstract]:Paul Taylor's theory of life center is the representative of the moral theory of contemporary environmental ethics. However, at the value level, the position of life-centered theory is ambiguous. While acknowledging the subjectivity of value, Taylor tries to achieve the objectivity of "moral consideration" through the concept of "the good of the entity itself", which expands into the elucidation of the concept of "intrinsic worth" which is consistent among the subjects. Furthermore, Taylor's "good of the entity itself" points to the "true good" of the entity rather than its "apparent goodness". In this way, this kind of deontic "good" is universal and inevitable to all rational subjects. Although Taylor's theory of value had a craftsmanship, he could not get rid of the tension between the real and the supposed. With regard to Taylor's criterion proposition of "entity with its own goodness", this paper points out that the proposition does not depend on its true value, but only points to its meaning. In particular, the judgment of whether the entity has its own goodness does not lie in the logical validity between the propositions, but in the nature of the subject itself. This idea of internal and external expectations in the presupposition is Kant-style. Therefore, in the functional framework of ethics, Taylor's "inherent worth" is only a restatement of the value of deontics, and the irreplaceable nature of merit also provides the ontological basis for the individualism moral practice of non-resultivism. In order to satisfy the inherent requirement of universal necessity, Taylor's connotation of "supreme value" points not to the value as the ultimate aim, but to the value which is the basis of all other possible values. However, the essential connotation of "good", which is the basis of universal necessity, is only an empirical analysis of all life forms, and converges on the satisfaction of physiological needs at its basic level, thus inevitably bearing the color of naturalism. In this way, Taylor's theory of value shows the dilemma of the dichotomy of fact and value in modern ethics, but Taylor's exposition on the dimension of inherent worth beyond the "good" as a reality is not sufficient.
【作者单位】：复旦大学哲学学院;
【基金】：国家社会科学基金青年项目“应对生物入侵的环境伦理研究”(15CZX058) 中国博士后科学基金一等资助项目(2015M570332)
【分类号】：B82-058

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