中国逻辑传统视域下的“李约瑟难题”

发布时间：2018-03-17 19:41

本文选题：李约瑟　切入点：李约瑟难题　出处：《南京大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】："(1)为什么在公元前1世纪到公元15世纪期间,在获取自然知识并将其应用于人的实际需要方面,中国文明要比西方文明有成效地多?(2)为什么近代科学仅仅发展于欧洲文明中,而没有在中国文明中成长?"这两个问题被看作"李约瑟难题"的规范表述。"难题"在上世纪一经提出,便引发了国内外学术界的广泛关注和激烈讨论。不同领域的学者对该问题从不同的学科视角给出了自己的分析和回答。本文的主要工作便是从中国逻辑传统的角度对"难题"的两个方面分别进行回答。第一,爱因斯坦曾明确指出:"西方科学的发展是以两个伟大的成就为基础的,分别是:希腊哲学家发明的形式逻辑体系(在欧几里得几何学中)以及(在文艺复兴时期)发现通过系统的实验可能找出因果关系。"而李约瑟本人则在《东方和西方的心理学和科学思想》的文章中说道:"总的来说,像希腊的演绎几何学和形式逻辑的那些经验,在中国人思想上是比较少的。"对于"难题"逻辑上的回答呼之欲出,即中国逻辑传统没有形成完备的形式逻辑体系和归纳逻辑。中国逻辑传统所"缺乏"正是"近代科学诞生"所"必需",针对这一观点笔者将进一步论证。第二,人们往往忽视"难题"的第一问,认为第二问才是问题的核心所在,对第一问的回答是不必要的。笔者的观点相反,第二问诚然是核心和主体,但却是建立在第一问的基础之上。作为"难题"不可或缺的一部分,对这一问题的回答同样是必要的。那么为什么"在公元1世纪至公元15世纪,在获取自然知识并将其应用于人类实践需要方面,中国文明要比西方有成就地多?"笔者认为,这与中国逻辑传统所体现的主要特征有着密不可分的关系,受到中国逻辑传统主导推理类型——"推类"的影响。通过从中国逻辑传统的角度解答"难题",可以得到以下两点启示:第一,逻辑因素是造就"难题"的因素之一。中国没有形成完备的形式逻辑体系和归纳逻辑,是近代科学没有发生在中国的原因之一。由此可见,逻辑是文明发展的基石之一;第二,中国逻辑传统的"推类"思想曾对技术科学的发展起到了重要的作用,影响了我国古代科学技术的走向,我们不能一味地否定中国逻辑传统,而是要理解和认可中国逻辑传统的特殊性,正确的认识中西方逻辑传统的互补性。
[Abstract]:"(1) Why was Chinese civilization more productive than Western civilization in acquiring natural knowledge and applying it to the practical needs of human beings during the period from 1th century BC to 15th century AD? Why did modern science develop only in European civilization, but not in Chinese civilization? "these two questions are regarded as the normative expression of the Needham problem, which was first raised in 0th century, Scholars from different fields have given their own analysis and answer to this question from different subject perspectives. The main work of this paper is from the angle of Chinese logic tradition. Answer the two aspects of the "problem" separately. First, Einstein made it clear that "the development of Western science is based on two great achievements," They are: the formal logic system invented by Greek philosophers (in Euclidean geometry) and the discovery (in the Renaissance) that a causal relationship may be found through systematic experiments. The article in Psychology and Scientific thought in the West says: "in general, Experiences such as Greek deductive geometry and formal logic are relatively rare in Chinese thinking. That is, Chinese logic tradition has not formed a complete formal logic system and inductive logic. The lack of Chinese logic tradition is "necessary" for the birth of modern science. People tend to ignore the first question of the "difficult problem" and think that the second question is the core of the question, and the answer to the first question is unnecessary. But it is based on the first question. As an integral part of the "puzzle," the answer to this question is also necessary... so why "from 1th century to 15th century, Chinese civilization is much more successful than the West in acquiring natural knowledge and applying it to human practice. "the author believes that this is inextricably related to the main features embodied in the Chinese logical tradition. Under the influence of "push class", which is the dominant reasoning type of Chinese logic tradition. By solving the "difficult problem" from the angle of Chinese logic tradition, we can get the following two revelations: first, Logic factor is one of the factors that bring up the "difficult problem". China has not formed a complete formal logic system and inductive logic, which is one of the reasons why modern science did not take place in China. Thus, logic is one of the cornerstones of the development of civilization. The traditional "push" thought of Chinese logic has played an important role in the development of technological science, which has influenced the trend of Chinese ancient science and technology. We cannot blindly deny the Chinese logic tradition. It is necessary to understand and recognize the particularity of Chinese logic tradition and correctly understand the complementarities of Chinese and western logic traditions.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B81-092

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