平等观念的反思与重塑

发布时间：2018-03-27 21:08

本文选题：托克维尔　切入点：平等观念　出处：《西南政法大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：“平等”一词饱含着浓厚的权利韵味和伦理价值,其内涵亦伴随着人类文明的发展而日益丰富。从平等观念的原始表达到平等理论的系统构造,从平等内容的日益丰富到平等价值的不断开拓,平等实现了一个权利价值的完整演变。民众的政治参与和个体权利意识的觉醒,使平等成为新的政治秩序问题;而革命运动的洗礼和启蒙思想的熏陶,则使得托克维尔对平等观念拥有独到的见解和领悟。面对因极力追求平等所带来的政治恶果,托克维尔深感痛惜,他努力调谐自由与平等之间的辩证关系,以实现它们政治生态中的共存。唯有端正权利心态,明确权利意识,权利愿望才能得到真切而理性的表达,权利资源也才能得到充分而深度的享受。于是,托克维尔开始其新政治理论的构建,并在此基础上完成对平等观念的反思与重塑。而这一反思与重塑的过程,不仅蕴含着托克维尔的政治关怀,而且也是理解其整个政治理论的切入点。第一部分主要介绍托克维尔思想形成的原因。深知法国革命历史和民众心态的托克维尔,对那种为享受平等而甘受奴役的政治现状甚是担忧。隐藏在平等机遇背后的平等危机,在为平等激情所惑的法国民众那里,演变成政治革命与社会危机。令托克维尔好奇的是,美国社会并没有受到这种情绪的侵扰。托克维尔意欲通过对比和思考法国革命历程和美国民主实践,以实现其新政治理论的构建。其平等思想正是这一政治理论的核心内容之一,因此,探析平等思想的成因,对理解托克维尔政治思想的内涵及其历史局限至关重要。因此,本部分试从理论和社会两个视野着眼,探析其平等思想产生的理论与社会渊源。第二部分从整体上展示托克维尔所认知的平等思想的两个切面,即平等之善与平等之恶。托克维尔将现代性的特征概括为“平等”,认为其可以促进自由思想、激发公共精神、孕育权利观念、培养法制意识。这一点让托克维尔欣喜若狂,因为深受启蒙思想熏陶的民众,敢于以前所未有的勇气和魄力冲破等级制度的枷锁,并以实际行动来表达其对平等社会的憧憬与追求。但是,当人们还在为革命胜利而弹冠相庆时,新的奴役已悄然而至,政治灾难亦不期而遇。人的个性和社会活力的削弱,个人主义和温和专制的蔓延以及利己念头和物质主义的滋生,正是这种政治灾难的历史呈现,对此,托克维尔又甚为忧惧。第三部分主要介绍托克维尔为应对平等之恶所提供的治愈良方。人们极端热爱平等而忽视对自由的追求所导致的专制和暴政,让托克维尔感受到“民主的痛苦”,并经历了其在社会实践中所导致的政治灾难。托克维尔试图通过构建新政治理论来开启政治危机的拯救模式,并最终治愈平等之恶。他认为,可以通过政治自由实现对平等所具有的潜在病症的治愈;可以通过宗教信仰净化人的心性,以实现私人道德和公共德性之间的调谐;可以通过“正确理解的利益”原则对抗个人主义,以实现人们理性的回归。结论主要论述“平等论”的核心范畴以及托克维尔平等思想的历史局限,并在大的历史视野下回顾托克维尔构建新政治理论的心路历程。细察平等发展的历史轨迹,可以将众多思想家的观点分为两类:绝对平等与相对平等。然而,两者相辅相成,并无善恶优劣之别。作为特定历史时期的政治思想家,托克维尔在阐述其平等思想时显露出某些局限,这主要表现在其研究领域、内容和对象方面。思想总是在政治实践中不断得到验证,在历史进程中不断得到完善。然而,美好的政治设想如何才能与现实的社会秩序相契合,则考验着人们的智慧和整个社会的觉悟。
[Abstract]:"Equality" is a word full of strong appeal rights and ethical values, its connotation is also accompanied by the development of human civilization and the increasingly rich. From the original expression of the concept of equality to construct the theory of equality, equality from the content increasingly rich and equal value of continuous development, equal to achieve a complete right value evolution. People's political participation and individual rights consciousness, to become equal political order problems; and the revolutionary movement and the baptism of enlightenment thought gradually, Tocqueville made the concept of equality has unique insights and understanding. In pursuit of equality due to the political consequences, Tocqueville deeply regret, he tried to dialectical the relationship between the tuning of freedom and equality, to realize the coexistence of their political ecology. Only the right to correct attitude, clear awareness of rights, rights to get real and desire A rational expression, the right resources can be fully and enjoy the depth. Then Tocqueville began to build its new political theory, and on the basis of complete reflection and reconstruction of the concept of equality. The reflection and reconstruction process, not only contains Tocqueville's political concern, but also understand the starting point of the whole political theory. The first part mainly introduces the reasons for the formation of Tocqueville's thought. Knowing that the French Revolution History and people's mentality of Tocqueville, on the political status quo that enjoy equal and voluntary servitude is very worrying. Hidden behind the crisis in equality, equal opportunity, equal passion in confused by French people there, evolved into a political revolution with the social crisis. So Tocqueville is curious, American society has not been this emotional intrusion. Tocqueville intended by comparison and Consideration on the history of the French Revolution The United States and the practice of democracy, in order to achieve the construction of the new political theory. The thought of equality is one of the core content of the political theory, therefore, the causes of the ideas of equality, is crucial to the understanding of the connotation of Tocqueville's political thought and its historical limitations. Therefore, this part try from the perspective of theory and social theory and the two horizons the social origin of the equal thought produced. The second part shows the two section of Tocqueville equality cognition as a whole, namely equality of good and evil. Tocqueville will be equal to summarize characteristics of the modern "equality", it can promote the freedom of thought, stimulate the public spirit, conceived the concept of rights, legal culture this makes sense. Tocqueville because the enlightenment influenced by tread on air, people dare to break the hitherto unknown courage and boldness hierarchy of the chains, and constant Actions to express their longing and pursuit of equality in society. However, when people are for the victory of the revolution and rejoicing, new slavery has quietly, political disaster. Also accidentaly across the human personality and social vitality weakened, individualism and the spread of mild despotism and the breeding of self thought and materialism, it is this the history of the political disaster, in this regard, Tocqueville was very apprehensive. The third part mainly introduces Tocqueville to deal with the evil of equality provided a cure. People love extreme equality and ignoring the pursuit of freedom to despotism and tyranny, let Tocqueville feel the "democratic" of suffering, and experienced the political disaster lead in the social practice. Tocqueville tries to build a new political theory to save mode to open the political crisis, and ultimately cure equal evil. He thinks, can Through the cure of political freedom has to realize the potential disease equal; can purify the human mind through religion, in order to realize private morality and public morality by tuning; principle of "correct understanding of interests" against individualism, to realize people's rational regression. Conclusion mainly discusses the historical limitations of the core category of equality theory "and Tocqueville's concept of equality, and review the course of Tocqueville s construction of new political theory in the history of history. From the perspective of equal development can be scrutinized, many thinkers point of view is divided into two categories: the absolute equality and the relative equality. However, the two complement each other, no good and evil discriminatio. As a specific historical during the period of political thinkers, Tocqueville revealed some limitations in explaining the thought of equality, which is mainly manifested in its field of study, the content and the object. The idea is always being verified in the political practice and perfected in the historical process. However, how the beautiful political idea can match the realistic social order will test people's wisdom and the whole society's consciousness.

【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D081

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