论“生物相生”对我国农业环境法制的影响

发布时间：2018-04-22 00:02

本文选题：生物相生 + 外部经济性　；参考：《山东师范大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 近年来我国环境立法大量增多,环境法制建设得到显著改善。统观我国目前的环境法制建设,重点仍然是对环境污染与生态破坏等环境问题进行规制,对自然界一些有益现象缺乏统一的管理、保护和促进。自然界存在大量相互之间有益的生物,在农业生产中最为常见。农业生产中的相生相克现象是指一种植物通过向环境释放化学物质,影响周围其他植物的现象,也称生化学交感或异株克生作用。相生植物是指在植物群落内,各种植物之间通过长期的生存与竞争的演化,形成直接生存空间与养分的互为依存的关系,或者通过动物、微生物形成的间接依存关系。大千世界中,在一定的时间和空间范围内,生物与环境之间,以及生物种群之间,普遍存在着相互依存、相互制约的关系,从而形成一种既斗争又协调的生态平衡。通过引入经济学上的概念来分析环境问题已经越来越受到学者的重视,其中通过引入外部性理论来研究环境问题已经成为一种共识。外部性在经济学文献中有时又被称为“外部效应”,国内有的学者也将其翻译为“外在性”。英国剑桥大学的马歇尔在20世纪初首次提出外部性概念,并于1890年首创了“外部经济”与“内部经济”这一对概念。外部经济也称为正的外部性,指某项行为除了给自身带来收益之外,同时也给他人带来额外收益的现象。本文以“生物相生”现象为研究起点和突破口,从生物学、农学和化学角度对这一现象进行深入分析。通过引入经济学相关原理,运用经济学分析方法,对“生物相生”现象进行全新解读。通过多角度分析,力求找到我国传统部门法在解决“生物相生”等生态问题上存在的缺陷,并试图从环境法角度找到相应的解决之策,逐步完善我国的农业环境法制。全文主要从四个方面展开论述: 第一部分是“生物相生”的概述部分。本部分首先对“生物相生”的现象和原理进行简要介绍,包括国外与“生物相生”有关的研究、我国在此方面的相关经验、“生物相生”的概念以及化感作用原理等。同时,本部分还将选取几个与“生物相生”有关的典型案例,包括丘陵山区利用“生物相生”典型案例和城市郊区利用“生物相生”典型案例;并对案例进行简要解析,力求从宏观到微观、从抽象到具体对“生物相生”现象有一个全面而深入的认识。第二部分主要是通过引入经济学的研究方法和基本原理,阐释“生物相生”现象所具有的较为独特的外部经济性。首先对外部性的基本理论进行简要介绍,主要是从外部性理论的缘起、外部性研究的演进以及外部性问题的分类三个方面予以展开,希望对外部性问题有一个宏观地把握。接下来是对“生物相生”外部经济性的概述,包括“生物相生”外部经济性的内涵与特点、表现形式、实现方式以及形成原因等。从经济学角度深入阐释生物学问题是本文的一大特色。第三部分是我国现行部门法在解决“生物相生”问题上的局限,经过前面一系列的分析论述,最后落脚到法律领域。本部分旨在说明,寻求“生物相生”等具有外部经济性问题的解决之道,非现行部门法所能实现,还需要完善相应的法律法规并引入其他相应的法律机制。具体来讲,主要包括三方面内容:现行民法的局限性、现行行政法的局限性、现行刑法的局限性。各现行部门法本身的局限性决定,“生物相生”等具有外部经济性问题的解决必须另寻出路。第四部分是文章最终的归宿和落脚点,通过对“生物相生”外部经济性的分析可知,我国现行部门法在解决这一问题上存在难以弥补的局限性,从根本上解决这一问题只能寄希望于从总体上完善我国农业环境法制。具体而言,首先要完善农业环境法制的指导思想和基本原则;进而完善农业环境法制相关的制度设计,即确立和完善农业环境税收法律制度、农业环保产业化制度和农业生态效益补偿制度。通过宏观与微观双重努力,最终形成有利于“生物相生”等外部经济性问题内部化、有利于农业向生态化方向发展的完善的农业环境法制体系。
[Abstract]:In recent years, environmental legislation in China has been greatly increased, and the construction of environmental legal system has been greatly improved. The focus of our current environmental legal construction is to regulate environmental problems such as environmental pollution and ecological destruction, and the lack of unified management, protection and promotion of some beneficial phenomena in nature.
There are a large number of mutually beneficial organisms in nature, which are most common in agricultural production. The phase cross phenomenon in agricultural production refers to a plant that releases chemical substances to the environment and affects the other plants around the environment, also known as biochemical sympathetic or heterophytic effects. Through the evolution of long-term survival and competition, the interdependent relationship between direct living space and nutrients is formed, or through the indirect dependence of animals and microorganisms. In a large world, in a certain time and space, there are universally interdependent and mutually restrictive between organisms and the environment, as well as among the species of species. So as to form a balance of struggle and coordination.
The introduction of economic concepts to the analysis of environmental problems has been paid more and more attention by scholars. The introduction of externality theory to study environmental problems has become a common understanding. Externality is sometimes called "external effect" in economic literature, and some scholars in China have translated it into "externality". Marshall of bridge university first proposed the concept of externality in the early twentieth Century, and first created the concept of "external economy" and "internal economy" in 1890. The external economy, also known as positive externality, refers to the phenomenon that some behavior brings extra income to others in addition to its own benefits.
In this paper, the phenomenon of "biological life" is taken as the starting point and breakthrough point. This phenomenon is deeply analyzed from the biological, agricultural and chemical aspects. Through the introduction of the principles of economics and the method of economic analysis, the phenomenon of "biological life" is interpreted completely. Through the multi angle analysis, we try to find the traditional department law in our country. In order to solve the problems of ecological problems such as "biological life", we try to find solutions from the perspective of environmental law and gradually improve the legal system of agricultural environment in China. The full text is mainly discussed from four aspects.
The first part is an overview of "biological life". This part is a brief introduction to the phenomena and principles of "biobiogeneration", including foreign and "biobiotic" research, our relevant experience in this field, the concept of "biological life" and the principle of allelopathy. At the same time, this part will also select a few. The typical cases related to biocompatibility include the typical cases of "biological life" in Hilly and mountainous areas and the typical cases of "biological life" in the suburbs of the city, and a brief analysis of the cases is carried out to make a thorough and thorough understanding of the phenomenon of "biological life" from the macroscopic to the microcosmic.
The second part is mainly through introducing the research method and basic principle of economics to explain the more unique external economy of the "biological life" phenomenon. First, the basic theory of external nature is briefly introduced, mainly from the origin of the externality theory, the evolution of the external research and the classification of the external problems of the external nature. It is expected to have a macro grasp of the external nature of the external nature. The following is an overview of the external economy of "biological life", including the connotation and characteristics of the external economy of "biological life", the form of expression, the mode of realization and the reasons for its formation.
The third part is the limitation of the current department law in solving the problem of "biological life". After a series of analysis and discussion, it finally falls to the field of law. This part is aimed at explaining the solution to the problems of external economy, such as "biological life", and the realization of the non existing department law, and the need to improve the corresponding law. The law rules and introduce other relevant legal mechanisms. In particular, it mainly includes three aspects: the limitations of the current civil law, the limitations of the current administrative law, the limitations of the current criminal law, the limitations of the current law itself, and the solution of the solution of the external economic problems such as "biological life".
The fourth part is the end result and the end point of the article. Through the analysis of the external economy of "biological life", we know that the current department law of our country can not make up for the limitation of solving this problem. To solve this problem fundamentally, we can only hope to perfect our country's agricultural environment legal system in general. The guiding ideology and basic principles of the legal system of good agricultural environment, and further improvement of the system design related to the legal system of agricultural environment, namely, the establishment and improvement of the legal system of the agricultural environment tax, the industrial system of agricultural environmental protection and the compensation system for agricultural ecological benefits. Through the dual efforts of macro and micro, the external classics, such as "biological life", are finally formed. Internalization of economic issues is conducive to the development of agriculture to the ecological direction of a sound agricultural environment legal system.

【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D922.68

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