新中国初期（1949-1965）民族法制建设

发布时间：2018-06-18 13:46

本文选题：思想来源 + 框架体系　；参考：《中央民族大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】： 1949年10月,中华人民共和国建立了,我们习惯上称中华人民共和国的建立为新中国。之所以称之为新中国,则是因为中华人民共和国在很多制度和观念上都对传统的中国做了翻天覆地的变化。在这些变化中,对中国这个多民族国家的民族观和民族关系的改变则是众多变化之中最为重要的一个。而民族观和民族关系的变化都是由于新中国初期的民族法制建设带来的。作为中国民族法制历史中极其重要的一环,甚至可以说是改变整个中国民族法制历史的一环,新中国初期的民族法制建设,其思考和探索的过程、其建构的法制体系、以及其走过的曲折的路程,都是民族法学领域不可回避的问题。这个思考和探索的过程大致花了17年的时间,即自建国的1949年至文化大革命开始前的1965年。这一个17年,是中国共产党在分析中国历史上各个时期的民族政策,学习西方资产阶级和马克思主义民族理论,结合中国革命和建设实践的基础之上对中国民族法制建设的开创性时期。那么,新中国民族法制建设是在什么样的历史背景下开始的?在这之前的中国民族法制的状况是什么?中国共产党创建新中国民族法制的思想和理论来源是什么?在这个创建的过程中,遇到的问题有哪些?进行了怎样的选择?民族法制建设的成果是什么?然而又为什么会走上曲折的道路?凡此种种,学界虽然有过零星涉猎,但都是轻描淡写,缺乏系统探讨和深入分析。本文的目的就是在利用建国以来党和国家的重要文献,通过宏观分析与微观叙事相结合、动态考察与静态描述相结合、历史梳理与法学思辨分析相结合的方法,来尽可能详尽地解答这些问题,以期对当下的民族法制建设进行源头上的思考,提供一种来自历史深处的认识。新中国民族法制建设是中国民族法制建设历史上的转折点。从新中国的民族法制建设开始,中国历史上持续了二千年的民族歧视、民族压迫的华夷两分的民族观转而向民族平等、民族团结、民族友爱的民族观改变。而这个改变的过程,源于清末民初以来的中华民族的民族崛起革命运动,即新民主主义运动。正是在新民主主义革命中,经过对西方传来的启蒙时代以来的资产阶级法治思想和民族理论,以及马克思列宁主义中的民族思想和民族政策的接触、学习和借鉴,促成了中国共产党的民族理论和民族政策的形成。在这个过程中,中国共产党不断结合中国革命和建设的实际,不断随着革命和建设情况的转变对民族政策进行调整,最终凝练出新中国的民族法制的核心——民族区域自治制度。民族区域自治制度是中国共产党在建立新中国后就解决民族问题所得出的最适合中国民族实际的政治制度。这一制度的产生和运用源于对民族自决权和联邦制的摒弃。这一制度在新中国的确立开始于《中国人民政治协商会议共同纲领》,成型于1954年《中华人民共和国宪法》,这一个过程就是新中国民族法制建设的过程,也是新中国民族法制框架形成的过程。在这一个过程中,党和国家领导人为了使得中国的民族关系和民族状况得到最根本的改善,派出民族访问团进行了大量的访问,在民族聚居区进行了大量的工作。并在展开这些工作的过程中,充分照顾和结合民族地区的文化特色和经济特色,对国家的政策进行适当的修正。然而,当运用法律的理性对新中国的民族法制框架进行深入的分析时,我们发现,新中国的民族法制框架存在很严重的体系缺陷。从对法律法规、行政规章和领导人指示的对比上我们发现,新中国民族法制建设中,法律制度的建设仅仅停留于框架层面,而没有形成有机的法律体系。而相反,大量的民族问题都是通过行政规章和领导人指示来进行“一事一议”式的解决,法律制度和行政规章及领导人指示的比例严重失调。这种方法在短时期内有其快速高效的好处,但是从长远的角度来看,其弊端则是会导致法律虚无主义或者个人崇拜的产生。后来的历史用铁一样的事实告诉我们,这个担心是完全必要的,而这种问题和缺陷就是新中国民族法制建设的软肋,是当下中国民族法制建设需要吸取的教训。通过历史的梳理和法学理性的讨论,通过框架的分析,通过微观的数据分析与宏观的比较,我们对新中国民族法制建设的这一问题得以呈现了出来。总之,新中国民族法制建设改变了中国几千年来的民族关系和民族状况,是中国历史上民族关系的新生。正是由于新中国民族法制建设的探索和努力,才得以使得我国这个多民族国家得以建立现在这样团结繁荣的民族关系。这都是源于新中国初期民族法制建设的思考和探索的成果。但是,我们也更要清醒得认识到新中国民族法制建设存在的问题,只有对这一问题进行深入的仔细的分析,才能够防止我们未来的民族法制建设再次出现类似的问题,并促进我国民族法制建设朝更健康的方向发展。对新中国民族法制建设这一正反两方面的分析,使我们对现行的民族制度得以正本清源的了解,也使我们对今后的民族法制建设得以更良好的展望。
[Abstract]:In October 1949, People's Republic of China was established. We used to call the establishment of People's Republic of China as new China. The reason why it is called New China is because People's Republic of China has made great changes to the traditional China in many systems and concepts. In these changes, the people of this multi-ethnic country are the people of China. The change of ethnic views and ethnic relations is the most important one in many changes. The change of national concept and ethnic relationship is brought about by the construction of national legal system in the early period of new China. As an extremely important part of the history of the Chinese national legal system, it can even be said to change the whole history of the Chinese national legal system. The process of thinking and exploration of the initial national legal system, the process of its thinking and exploration, the construction of the legal system and the tortuous journey it has passed are unavoidable problems in the field of national law. The process of thinking and exploration took 17 years, that is, from the 1949 to the beginning of the cultural revolution in 1965. This is the 17 year. The Communist Party of China has studied the national policy of every period in Chinese history, and studied the western bourgeoisie and Marx's theory of nationality, and combined with the practice of Chinese revolution and construction on the groundbreaking time of the construction of Chinese national legal system.
So, what is the historical background of the new China's national legal system? What is the state of the national legal system in China before this? What is the origin of the ideology and theory of the Chinese Communist Party to create a new China's national legal system? What are the problems encountered in the process of the creation and how to choose the national legal system? What is the result of the establishment? But why do they go on the tortuous road? All this, although the academic circles have been involved in sporadic hunting, they are all understatement, lack of systematic discussion and in-depth analysis. The purpose of this article is to use the important documents of the party and the state since the founding of the people's Republic of China, and through the combination of macro analysis and microcosmic narration, the purpose of this paper is to dynamically inspect and be static. A combination of description, historical combing and jurisprudential analysis is used to solve these problems as detailed as possible so as to provide a source of thinking on the current national legal system and to provide a deep understanding of the history.
The construction of national legal system in New China is a turning point in the history of national legal system construction in China. From the beginning of the construction of national legal system in New China, Chinese history has lasted for two thousand years. Since the beginning of the late Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the revolutionary movement of the Chinese nation, that is, the new democratic movement, is just in the new democratic revolution, through the contact of the bourgeois rule of law and national theory, as well as the national thought and national policy in the Marx Lenin doctrine. In this process, the Communist Party of China has continuously combined with the reality of Chinese revolution and construction, constantly adjusting the national policy with the transformation of the revolution and construction, and finally condenses the core of the national legal system of the new China, the national regional autonomy system.
The system of ethnic regional autonomy is the most suitable political system for the Chinese Communist Party to solve national problems after the establishment of new China. The generation and application of this system is due to the abandonment of the right of national self-determination and the federal system. The establishment of this system began in the common programme of the Chinese people's Political Consultative Conference. It was formed in the constitution of the People's Republic of China in 1954. This process is the process of the construction of the national legal system of the new China and the process of the formation of the framework of the new China's national legal system. In this process, the party and the state leaders have sent the national visiting group in order to make the national relations and national status of China get the most fundamental improvement. A large number of visits have been made and a great deal of work has been carried out in the ethnic communities. In the process of carrying out these tasks, the national policies are properly amended by taking full care of and combining the cultural and economic characteristics of the ethnic areas.
However, when the rational legal framework is used to make a thorough analysis of the national legal framework of new China, we find that there is a serious system defect in the framework of the national legal system of new China. From the contrast of laws, regulations, administrative rules and leaders' instructions, we find that the construction of the legal system in the new China national legal system only stops. In the framework of the framework, there is no organic legal system. On the contrary, a large number of ethnic problems are resolved through administrative rules and leaders' instructions, and the proportion of the legal system and administrative rules and leaders' instructions is serious. This method has its rapid and efficient benefits in a short period of time. From a long-term point of view, its drawbacks will lead to the emergence of legal nihilism or individual worship. The fact that the history uses the iron like fact tells us that this concern is absolutely necessary, and that this kind of problem and defect is the soft rib of the construction of the national legal system of the new China and the lesson that the construction of the national legal system in China needs to be learned at present. Through the history of combing and the discussion of legal rationality, through the analysis of the framework, through the micro data analysis and macro comparison, we have come out of the problem of the construction of the national legal system of the new China.
In a word, the construction of the national legal system of the new China has changed the ethnic relations and national conditions of China for thousands of years. It is the freshman of the national relations in Chinese history. It is the exploration and efforts of the construction of the national legal system of the new China that this multi-ethnic country has been able to establish a national relationship which is so united and prosperous. However, we should be more aware of the problems existing in the construction of the national legal system in the new China. Only if we make a thorough and careful analysis of this problem, we can prevent our future national legal construction from a similar problem and promote the national legal system in our country. The analysis of the positive and negative two aspects of the construction of the national legal system in the new China makes us understand the current national system and make us look forward to the construction of the national legal system in the future.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D922.15

【参考文献】