卢梭《社会契约论》中的民主思想

发布时间：2018-06-25 23:18

本文选题：卢梭 + 民主　；参考：《海南大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：卢梭是18世纪法国家喻户晓的资产阶级启蒙思想家,其在民主理论方面有着极高的建树,是民主理论的集大成者,被誉为现代民主制之父。深入了解和学习卢梭的主权在民等民主思想,有利于促进我国社会主义民主化进程。民主是一个常说常新的话题,关于它的争论从来没有停止过。虽然民主早已有之,但是经过千百年来的实践修正和理论阐述,今日之民主和古代、近代之民主已大不相同。如何根据时代的变化,把握民主理论的发展,从而更好地实现民主,仍然是学术界值得探讨和深究的课题。因此本文从追寻卢梭的一生和当时的社会现状开始,来探讨卢梭的民主思想来源。本文的框架大致如此:论文第一部分,重点阐述当代研究卢梭民主思想的现实意义,以及目前国内和国外对卢梭民主思想的具体研究情况。论文第二部分,介绍了卢梭的一生境遇以及当时法国的社会现状。死后备极哀荣的卢梭,生前却受当局的迫害、朋友的诽谤、舆论的污毒,尝尽生活的艰辛。论文第三部分,重点介绍了卢梭思想的主要来源。布丹是第一个对主权本质进行系统的讨论的思想家,同时被誉为近代主权理论的起点。布丹的追随者托马斯·霍布斯在其基础上进一步发展了主权学说,奠定了近代自由主义民主思想的基础。洛克开启了现代意义上的分权学说,孟德斯鸠建立在对社会状态和自然状态的分析基础上的学说,这些人都或多或少对卢梭思想的形成产生了影响。卢梭也是在对上述思想家的思想进行剖析分解,并结合自身经历通过不断的思考,最终也提出了自己对于主权理论的独特见解。论文第四部分,介绍了卢梭民主思想对西方各思想家、马克思恩格斯、中国的早期民主思想的影响,以及对法国大革命、美国革命和近代中国民主革命的影响。论文第五部分,介绍了卢梭在《社会契约论》中表达的民主思想的主要内容。论文第六部分,阐述了卢梭民主思想给我们的几点启示。通过前几部分对卢梭民主理论产生的时代背景和理论来源、继承、发展,以及卢梭民主思想主要内容等方面的讲述,最终目的也是为了吸收卢梭民主理论中依然焕发生机的部分并将这一部分用于促进我国的民主建设。
[Abstract]:Rousseau was a well-known bourgeois enlightenment thinker in France in the 18th century. Rousseau had a great success in democratic theory and was praised as the father of modern democracy. A thorough understanding and study of Rousseau's democratic ideas such as sovereignty in the people is conducive to promoting the process of socialist democratization in China. Democracy is a subject that is often said and new, and the debate about it has never stopped. Although democracy has existed for a long time, after thousands of years of practice revision and theoretical elaboration, democracy today is quite different from democracy in ancient times and modern times. How to grasp the development of democratic theory according to the change of times and realize democracy better is still a topic worth discussing and studying deeply in academic circles. Therefore, this paper begins with the pursuit of Rousseau's life and the social situation at that time to explore the origin of Rousseau's democratic thought. In the first part of this paper, the author focuses on the practical significance of the contemporary research on Rousseau's democratic thought, as well as the specific research situation of Rousseau's democratic thought both at home and abroad. The second part introduces Rousseau's life situation and the social situation of France at that time. Rousseau was persecuted by the authorities, slandered by friends, tainted by public opinion, and tried the hardships of life. The third part focuses on the main sources of Rousseau's thought. Budan was the first thinker to discuss systematically the essence of sovereignty and was praised as the starting point of modern sovereignty theory. Thomas Hobbes, a follower of Budan, further developed the theory of sovereignty on the basis of which he laid the foundation of modern liberal democratic thought. Locke opened the theory of separation of powers in the modern sense, Montesquieu based on the analysis of the social and natural state of the theory, these people more or less affect the formation of Rousseau's thought. Rousseau also analyzed and decomposed the thought of the above thinkers and put forward his own unique opinion on the theory of sovereignty through constant thinking combined with his own experience. The fourth part introduces the influence of Rousseau's democratic thought on the western thinkers, Marx and Engels, the early democratic thought of China, and the French Revolution, American Revolution and Modern Chinese Democratic Revolution. In the fifth part, the main content of Rousseau's democratic thought expressed in Social contract is introduced. The sixth part of the paper expounds Rousseau's democracy thought to us several enlightenment. Through the previous parts of Rousseau's democratic theory of the generation of the background and theoretical sources, inheritance, development, as well as the main content of Rousseau's democratic thought and other aspects, The ultimate purpose is to absorb the still alive part of Rousseau's democratic theory and to use this part to promote the construction of democracy in our country.
【学位授予单位】：海南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D082

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