我国住房反向抵押养老保险的法制困境与出路

发布时间：2018-07-06 14:46

本文选题：反向抵押 + 养老保险　；参考：《江西财经大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：人口老龄化是全人类面临的共同挑战,随着人口老龄化进程的加快,我国社会老年人口抚养比重日益加剧,政府财政负担沉重,我国现行以政府为主导的养老模式难以实现全方位、全覆盖的社会养老。为加快发展养老服务业,2013年国务院明确要求进行住房反向抵押养老保险试点。在《关于2016年深化经济体制改革重点工作的意见》中,我国再次明确提出要加快养老服务产业的发展,进一步推进住房反向抵押养老保险试点,并设立了北京、上海、广州、武汉等试点城市。住房反向抵押养老保险基于以房养老理念,允许符合年龄要求且拥有完整房产的老年人将其房产抵押给保险公司,并按照合同约定领取养老金直至去世,在房产抵押期间投保人继续保有房屋使用权。我国的住房反向抵押养老保险主要借鉴于国外的住房反向抵押贷款制度,在一些发达国家这是一项发展已相对成熟的金融产品,更被实践证明是一种有效的辅助养老方式,其最大的特点是老年人在生前仍保有对被抵押房屋的居住权,既能确保老有所养,又能实现居者有其屋。住房反向抵押养老保险的引进,有利于拓宽我国筹资渠道,充分整合社会资源,合社会之力,建立更加公平、可持续的社会保障制度。纵观国际社会保障制度的演变历程,引入市场机制,转变以再分配为主的养老保障制度,采用资本化的现代社会保障制度已是大势所趋。首先,资源配置理论、产权分割与资产流动性理论等相关经济学理论,生命周期理论、家庭财富代际传递理论等社会学理论,法学上的抵押理论均为我国住房反向抵押养老保险提供了理论上的支持。其次,综合我国城乡养老保障体系现状来看,养老体系结构不合理,过分依赖以政府为主导的基本养老保险,企业年金和个人储蓄养老保险没有充分发挥其补充作用,政府养老责任沉重;基本养老保障制度覆盖面狭窄,农村长期处于社会保障的边缘,土地养老功能弱化;相比飞涨的物价,养老保障水平低等问题都是我国深化养老保险改革的必然要求。再者,居民自有住房率的大幅提升,房产税的开征,传统养儿防老观念的转变,均为我国住房反向抵押养老保险的开展创造了一个良好的社会环境。住房反向抵押养老保险作为舶来品,在借鉴国外发展经验之余,不难发现这一制度要在我国的法治土壤上生根发芽还存在一些障碍,如土地所有权制度的制约、《保险法》等相关配套法律的滞后性、金融业分业经营、分业监管限制、政府扶持政策不明确、监管制度缺失等。因此,要推进我国养老保险体系改革,创新养老模式,必须培育优良的法制土壤,营造良好的政策环境。一方面,住房反向抵押养老保险作为土地、住房和养老保险的结合,我国必须突破城镇住宅建设用地使用权年限限制,放宽集体建设用地流转限制,完善保险法、金融法等相关法律规定;另一方面,作为我国一项创新型金融工具,住房反向抵押养老保险需突破目前金融业严格的分业经营体制,将金融、保险、投资证券等不同金融工具与手段紧密连接,实现银证保一体化,推动资产证券化的发展;同时,住房反向抵押养老保险兼具商业性与社会福利性,需加大政策扶持力度,完善监管制度,如建立完善的市场准入和退出制度、设置独立的非盈利咨询机构、建立专业咨询制度、建立政府担保机制等激励制度、完善信息披露制度、构建社会征信体系等。
[Abstract]:The aging of the population is the common challenge facing all human beings. With the acceleration of the aging process of the population, the proportion of the elderly in our society is increasing and the financial burden of the government is heavy. The current government led old-age mode in our country is difficult to realize all directions and full coverage of the social endowment. In order to accelerate the development of the service industry of the aged, the State Council of the State Council in 2013. In the opinion of the key work of deepening the reform of the economic system in 2016, our country clearly proposed to accelerate the development of the old-age service industry and further promote the housing reverse mortgage pension insurance pilot, and set up a pilot city in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Wuhan. Based on the concept of housing pension and allowing the elderly to meet the age requirements and have complete property, the old people will mortgage their property to the insurance company, and receive the pension according to the contract until the death, and the insured will continue to maintain the right to use the house in the period of the mortgage. The foreign housing reverse mortgage loan system is a relatively mature financial product in some developed countries. It has been proved to be an effective supplementary old-age mode. The biggest feature is that the elderly still retain the right to live in the mortgaged house in their life, which can ensure both the old and the house. The introduction of housing reverse mortgage pension insurance is conducive to widening our financing channels, fully integrating social resources, combining social resources, establishing a more fair and sustainable social security system. A review of the evolution of the international social security system, the introduction of market mechanisms, and the transformation of redistribution based old-age security system, and the adoption of capitalization. The generation of social security system is the trend of the times. First, the theory of resource allocation, the theory of property right division and the theory of asset liquidity, the theory of life cycle, the theory of family wealth intergenerational transmission, and so on. The mortgage theory in law has provided theoretical support for the housing reverse mortgage pension insurance in our country. In view of the status quo of the old-age security system in urban and rural areas in China, the structure of the pension system is unreasonable, the basic old-age insurance is overly dependent on the government, and the pension insurance of the enterprise annuity and the personal savings endowment insurance has not fully played its supplementary role, the responsibility of the government is heavy, the coverage of the basic old-age security system is narrow, and the rural social security is in a long period of time. Edge, the pension function of land is weakening; compared with soaring prices, the low level of old-age security is the inevitable requirement for our country to deepen the reform of pension insurance. A good social environment. As a foreign goods, the housing reverse mortgage pension insurance is imported from foreign countries. It is not difficult to find that there are still some obstacles for the system to take root in the rule of law in China, such as the restriction of the land ownership system, the lagging law of the insurance law and other related laws, the separate operation of the financial industry and the division of business. In order to promote the reform of the old-age insurance system and innovate the old-age pension model, we must cultivate a good soil of the legal system and create a good policy environment. On the one hand, the combination of housing reverse mortgage pension insurance and the combination of housing and pension insurance must break through the cities and towns in China. The limit of the right to use the land for residential construction, the relaxation of the restrictions on the circulation of collective construction land, and the improvement of the relevant legal provisions of the insurance law and financial law. On the other hand, as an innovative financial tool in China, the housing reverse mortgage pension insurance needs to break through the strict division operation system of the current financial industry, and make the financial, insurance, and investment securities different. The financial instruments and means are closely connected to realize the integration of banking and insurance and promote the development of asset securitization. At the same time, the housing reverse mortgage pension insurance has both commercial and social welfare. It is necessary to strengthen the policy support and improve the regulatory system, such as establishing a perfect market access and exit system, setting up an independent non-profit advisory body and setting up an independent non-profit advisory body. The professional consultation system, the establishment of the government guarantee mechanism and other incentive systems, the improvement of information disclosure system, and the establishment of social credit system.
【学位授予单位】：江西财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D922.284

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