杨幼炯的宪政思想

发布时间：2018-09-19 09:17

【摘要】：杨幼炯的学术研究主要围绕着宪政、制宪、立法理论等政治法律思想问题。尤其在宪政方面,一直走在当时研究领域的前沿。对于宪政孜孜不倦的研究,也使他从更深入的角度观察和思考中国的政治、民主、政党政治的蜕变及其对于近代中国的影响。除此之外,他还对近代的法律思潮有着深入细致的研究,并将这种思潮的演进、蜕变过程与五权宪法的立法精神做了对比。同时,杨幼炯也对有关民权如何行使做了立法论的解读,而这些都包含在他关于近代中国立法历史的透彻研究之中。他除了以上主要的研究贡献,还对中国的吏治问题发表了自己的见解——无论何种法律,都是政府与人民的行为准则,若只有治法而无治人,则法律等同于虚设。所以,在他看来,吏治和法治在中国政治演进过程中是齐步并重的。杨幼炯的这个观点,在当前中国高举反腐大旗的形势下,有积极借鉴意义,应依法治国和依法治“人”并重,把治“人”当成治国的重要部分。杨幼炯对三民主义格外推崇,在他看来,孙中山提出的三民主义是迎合了全体国民对于民主政治的迫切诉求之结晶,从科学的立场来说是超脱一切时空限制的,是以中外古今一切历史的社会事实为基础的。三民主义以人的生存为中心,这也正好符合法律是为了满足人类生活的需要和要求而创设的理念。三民主义是完全建立自中国社会的民生基础上的,也是社会变化的根本动力,换言之,社会变化伴随民生的变化,社会组织之形式也随民生状态的变异而变异。人类社会文化的变化完全基于“生之要求”这一点之上。人类为了其生存不得不从各个方面努力,其结果便是形成了民族的政治的以及法律的种种关系。三民主义便是此生存方法与生存关系的综合表现。民主与宪政是一个不可分割的系统,但民主和宪政似乎又是不可调和的,因为民主的着眼点并不全部在于法律,它更像一个人类恒久讨论的社会学、政治学和法律学的问题。每个社会文明都不可避免地要解答这个问题。杨幼炯在不少文章中都专门论述了民主宪政的主题。从理论上说,我们可以把民主分为直接式的民主和代议制的民主。直接式的民主就是国家的公民人人都有参与国家管理的权利。对于目前世界形势来说,由于各国人口巨大,人人参与管理国家,势必造成混乱,因此没有哪个国家采取直接民主的形式。间接的民主即代议制的民主,这种体制下的民主,由大部分人通过一定程序选出小部分人,有小部分人代他们行使权力,管理国家。但这种民主最主要的缺点在于,虽然该部分人是通过选举产生的,但事实上他们的意志并不足以反映大多数选民的意志,况且人们生活范围较古代极具扩大,对候选者的了解程度少之又少,造成了信息的不对等。因此,现实中民主国家为了使民主可以实施,一般都采取折中的方法,即代议制民主体制。最明了的载体就是代议机构,即议院。而就中国几千年的历史而言,从来没有代议制度。杨幼炯认为民族主义,应该有以下三个特点。一是民族主义是革命的,无论在哪个场合,民族主义始终都是以反抗异族及外来入侵者的压迫为目标,进而改造升级本国的综合环境,以谋求其民族个性、民族自由以及民族自身的长远发展。西方历史上,希腊的自由战争和意大利的统一运动,就是这种精神的充分实践。第二点,民族主义是民主的。民族主义不仅要推翻外来民族的压迫,其内部也必须以人民为主体,实现民主的政治。十九世纪欧洲各国以民主主义为核心的民权运动,也正是机缘巧合地与以民族主义为核心的民族运动结合起来,法国革命便是这条路上的先锋。第三,民族主义是统一的。民族主义要将人民统一于一个整体之下,进行共同的政治生活。失去统一性的民族主义,绝对称不上是真正的民族主义,因为它失去了民族主义中重要的凝聚力。民权的实现与民权制度的建立,就体现为宪政。民权是民主政治的主要内容,民主政治的实施需要有良好的宪政。即宪政与民权可以看作是保障与被保障的关系,民权是宪政实现的主要内容,宪政则是民权得以实现的实质保障。杨幼炯说：“宪政的实施,以民权的运用为其真实的基础。实行宪政就是建立一种拥护人民自由平等的强大的法律力量的开始,也就是革命目的完成之建国工作。”他所说的宪政概念和欧美早期的观念有所区别,后者是通过流血革命,以一国之内国民的不懈努力为动力,最终使得国民自身得到制宪的权力；而前者则是通过国民的思想觉醒和执政者的努力来实现的,从而避免过激的流血革命。
[Abstract]:Yang Youjiong's academic research mainly centers on political and legal ideological issues such as constitutionalism, constitutionalism and legislative theory. Especially in constitutionalism, he has been at the forefront of the research field at that time. Besides, he also made a thorough and meticulous study of modern legal thoughts, and made a comparison between the evolution and transformation of this trend of thought and the legislative spirit of the Five-Power Constitution. In addition to the above major research contributions, he also expressed his views on the issue of the rule of officials in China - no matter what kind of law is the code of conduct of the government and the people, if only the rule of law but no rule of man, the law is equivalent to nothingness. Yang Youjiong's viewpoint is of positive significance under the current situation of China's holding high the banner of anti-corruption. We should attach equal importance to the rule of law and the rule of man according to law, and regard the rule of man as an important part of the rule of the country. From the standpoint of science, the crystallization of the urgent political appeal is based on all social facts of ancient and modern history at home and abroad. The Three People's Principles are centered on people's survival, which coincides with the idea that law is created to meet the needs and requirements of human life. The Three People's Principles are completely self-established. In other words, social change is accompanied by changes in people's livelihood, and the form of social organization varies with changes in people's livelihood. As a result, the relations between the politics of the nation and the laws have been formed. The Three People's Principles are the comprehensive expression of the survival methods and relations. Democracy and constitutionalism are an inseparable system, but democracy and constitutionalism seem irreconcilable, because the focus of democracy is not entirely on the law, but more like a permanent human being. Every social civilization inevitably has to answer this question. Yang Youjiong specializes in the theme of democratic constitutionalism in many articles. In theory, we can divide democracy into direct democracy and representative democracy. Direct democracy is the citizen of the state. Everyone has the right to participate in state administration. In the current world situation, because of the huge population and the participation of everyone in state administration, there is bound to be chaos, so no country takes the form of direct democracy. But the chief drawback of this democracy is that, although these people were elected, their will was not enough to reflect the will of the majority of the electorate. Moreover, people lived in a much wider range than in ancient times and knew little about the candidates. Therefore, in reality, in order to make democracy possible to implement, democratic countries generally adopt a compromise approach, that is, representative democracy. The most obvious carrier is the representative body, that is, the House of Representatives. The first is that nationalism is revolutionary. On any occasion, nationalism has always been aimed at resisting the oppression of alien and foreign invaders, and then transforming and upgrading the country's comprehensive environment in order to seek its national personality, national freedom and long-term development of the nation itself. The first movement is the full practice of this spirit. Second, nationalism is democratic. Nationalism must not only overthrow the oppression of foreign nations, but also take the people as the main body to realize democratic politics. The civil rights movements in the 19th century, with democracy as the core, coincided with nationalism as the core. The French Revolution is the vanguard on this road when the national movement of the heart is united. Thirdly, nationalism is unified. Nationalism must unite the people under a whole and carry out a common political life. Nationalism without unity can never be called true nationalism because it loses the important condensation of nationalism. The realization of civil rights and the establishment of the system of civil rights are embodied in constitutionalism. "The implementation of constitutionalism is based on the use of civil rights. The implementation of constitutionalism is the beginning of building a strong legal force that supports people's freedom and equality, that is, the founding of a nation for the accomplishment of revolutionary purposes." His concept of constitutionalism differs from the early concepts of Europe and the United States, which are based on a bloody revolution. The unremitting efforts of the nationals within the country are the motive force, which eventually gives them the power to make a constitution, while the former is realized through the awakening of the national ideology and the efforts of the ruling party, thus avoiding the bloody revolution.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D909.2

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