论马克思主义民主思想发展的有机统一：从马克思到邓小平

发布时间：2019-06-20 12:48

【摘要】：民主问题是马克思主义理论中的重要内容之一。马克思恩格斯、列宁、毛泽东和邓小平等经典作家的民主思想是与时俱进的理论产物,它形成了一个开放的、继承与发展的体系。各经典作家的民主思想的精粹凝炼抽象成马克思主义基本原理的重要内容,这种基本原理显示出马克思主义民主思想与非马克思主义民主思想的根本区别。在这一前提条件下,各时代经典作家的民主思想却又不是整齐划一地、机械地统一,而是在思想的侧重点、表述的层次、与实践的应对关系等方面各不相同,但这种不同恰恰形成了它们相互之间互补、互应和耦合的关系,成为一种“和而不同”的价值组合,形成了马克思主义民主思想的有机统一。本文在辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的指导下,运用逻辑与历史相统一、比较与分析相结合、文献研究等方法,将上述各经典作家对民主的具体论述归纳为民主思想提出的宏观背景、民主的价值取向、制度(政治)建设与民主、党的组织建设与民主等内容,对马克思主义民主思想进行整体性把握。通过对不同时期经典作家民主思想内在逻辑和具体内容的梳理,本文认为,经典作家在论述以上四个方面时的侧重点是不尽相同的。马克思恩格斯重视关注于对资本主义民主的批判和对人的自由解放的追求；列宁主要关注于建立革命先锋队带动群众进行无产阶级革命,建立无产阶级专政,将马克思恩格斯的理论转化为现实；毛泽东强调群众路线的重要性,通过给予广大民众广泛的权利,激发他们参加革命和建设的积极性,实现国家的独立和社会主义民主政权的巩固；邓小平则强调在和平与发展的时代,民主是重新焕发社会主义生机与活力的应有之义,必须将民主制度化与法制化。马克思主义民主思想的聚焦呈现出“人-政党-政权-社会”这一内在演变逻辑。相应地,马克思主义民主思想的基本特点可归纳为：呈现出了马克思恩格斯强调民主的价值性一一列宁、毛泽东从革命和建设的现实出发,强调民主的功能性作用一一邓小平在社会主义建设中初步实现了民主价值性和功能性的相互统一。从历史发展的角度看来,马克思主义经典作家分别从不同层面、不同程度地丰满着马克思主义民主思想。它正体现了马克思主义民主思想是不断发展的有机统一体。通过厘清马克思主义民主思想的发展脉络,有助于我们认清当前中国特色社会主义民主建设的历史方位,并为其提供历史借鉴和思想资源。
[Abstract]:The problem of democracy is one of the important contents in Marxist theory. The democratic thought of Marx and Engels, Lenin, Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping is the theoretical product of keeping pace with the times, which forms an open, inherited and developed system. The essence of the democratic thought of each classical writer is abstracted into the important content of the basic principle of Marxism, which shows the fundamental difference between Marxist democratic thought and non-Marxist democratic thought. Under this premise, the democratic thought of the classical writers of each era is not uniform and mechanically unified, but different in the aspects of the emphasis of thought, the level of expression and the coping relationship with practice, but this difference precisely forms the complementary, mutual response and coupling relationship between them, and becomes a kind of "harmonious but different" value combination, which forms the organic unity of Marxist democratic thought. Under the guidance of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, this paper sums up the above classical writers' concrete exposition of democracy into the macro background of democratic thought, the value orientation of democracy, the construction of system (politics) and democracy, the organizational construction and democracy of the party, the organization construction and democracy of the party, and so on, by using the methods of logic and history, comparison and analysis, literature research and so on. By combing the internal logic and concrete contents of the democratic thought of classical writers in different periods, this paper holds that the emphasis of classical writers in discussing the above four aspects is not the same. Marx and Engels attached importance to the criticism of capitalist democracy and the pursuit of freedom and liberation of human beings, Lenin mainly focused on the establishment of revolutionary vanguard to drive the masses to carry out the proletarian revolution, the establishment of proletarian dictatorship, and the transformation of Marx and Engels' theory into reality. Mao Zedong stressed the importance of the mass line, stimulated their enthusiasm to participate in revolution and construction by giving the broad masses of rights, and realized the independence of the country and the consolidation of the socialist democratic regime, while Deng Xiaoping stressed that democracy is the proper meaning of rejuvenating socialist vitality and vitality in the era of peace and development, and democracy must be institutionalized and legalized. The focus of Marxist democratic thought shows the inherent evolution logic of "man-party-regime-society". Accordingly, the basic characteristics of Marxist democratic thought can be summarized as follows: Marx and Engels emphasize the value of democracy-Lenin, Mao Zedong emphasizes the functional role of democracy from the reality of revolution and construction-Deng Xiaoping initially realized the unity of democratic value and function in socialist construction. From the point of view of historical development, Marxist classical writers are full of Marxist democratic thought at different levels and to varying degrees. It reflects that Marxist democratic thought is an organic unity of continuous development. By clarifying the development of Marxist democratic thought, it is helpful for us to understand the historical orientation of socialist democratic construction with Chinese characteristics and to provide it with historical reference and ideological resources.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D641;A8

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