道德冷漠研究

发布时间：2018-06-08 15:18

  本文选题：道德冷漠 + 道德敏感性　； 参考：《中央财经大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：道德冷漠是行为主体在具备一定的道德知识和道德行为能力的前提下,无视道德原则与道德规范,缺失道德敏感与道德同情,推拒与逃避道德责任的道德负面现象。道德冷漠体现为对道德这样一种社会意识形态的冷淡与漠不关心,是一种畸形的道德心理和道德行为。本文从分析道德冷漠的深层内涵入手,探究道德冷漠产生的根源,寻求防范与矫治道德冷漠的方法途径。为努力增进人与人之间的道德关怀,促进社会关系和谐,构建社会主义和谐社会提供理论支持与借鉴。本文分为绪论、正文、结语三个部分。绪论部分主要针对道德冷漠研究的缘起及意义进行探讨,并对国内外关于道德冷漠在内涵、成因及防范与矫治对策方面的研究现状进行述评,从而为本文提供研究基础与参照。正文部分共包括五章,主要内容如下:第一章主要是通过对道德冷漠及其相关概念的界定,进一步分析道德冷漠的层次、类型及其基本特征,从而对道德冷漠现象进行较为深入的解析。首先,对道德冷漠及其相关概念进行界定。通过对道德冷漠、道德敏感性、道德同情心及道德责任感等相关概念的深层次解析,指出道德冷漠是人与人之间道德关系的中断,是道德上的麻木不仁,是道德同情感的缺失,是道德责任的逃避。归纳总结道德冷漠的概念,认为道德冷漠是行为主体在具有一定的道德知识和道德观念,具备一定的心理意识和行为能力的前提下,无视道德原则与道德规范,缺乏道德敏感与道德同情的一种道德责任的推拒与逃避。其次,对道德冷漠进行一定的层次划分,认为道德冷漠主要包括:无意识的道德迟钝、不作为的道德旁观、消遣者的幸灾乐祸、冷酷者的人性迷失。并进一步针对各层次,分别从各层次的表现及造成的后果方面进行深入的分析。再次,对道德冷漠进行了类型归纳,按照道德冷漠主体的不同,把道德冷漠归纳为个体道德冷漠、群体道德冷漠及普遍性的社会道德冷漠三种主要类型,指出道德冷漠一般是从个体冷漠到群体冷漠再到普遍性的社会冷漠蔓延,是一个社会个体相互影响、感染、蔓延范围不断扩大,社会危害程度不断加深的过程。最后,对道德冷漠的基本特征进行了总结概况。主要从主体在情感、认知和行为等层面的表现将道德冷漠的基本特征概况为道德情感不敏感、道德判断不明晰及道德行为不作为。第二章着重对道德冷漠的实质进行深入剖析。本章主要包括两部分,第一部分剖析道德冷漠的实质。首先,道德冷漠实质是一种道德价值的虚无。道德价值是个人行为对他人或社会所具有的道德意义,道德冷漠实质上正是这种道德意义感的丧失。其次,道德冷漠实质上是一种道德情感的缺失。道德情感包括积极的情感体验,如同情、关心、怜悯、恻隐等,也包括消极的情感,道德冷漠正是缺乏上述积极、良性情感的一种消极或负面的情感。再次,道德冷漠实质上是一种道德理性的悬置。道德理性的悬置是指道德行为主体在分析道德情境,进行道德推理的过程中所表现出来的道德判断上的模糊或犹疑。最后,道德冷漠是一种道德自由的滥用。所谓道德自由的滥用是指个体在面对有两种或多种道德选择的现实境遇中,以个体道德选择的自由权利为借口,放弃对道德责任与义务的自觉、主动的担当。第二部分是对道德冷漠所造成危害的揭示。首先,道德冷漠导致人际关系疏离,影响社会和谐。道德冷漠是置他人危难于不顾,将自己蜕变为冷漠无情的局外人和旁观者,最终导致与他人情感关系的中断,人际关系疏离。而人与人之间道德关系维系链的破坏与断裂必然影响社会和谐。其次,道德冷漠会弱化社会道德调控机制的作用,败坏社会道德风尚,破坏社会道德氛围。对道德问题的冷漠意味着个体缺乏对社会道德褒奖、赏罚等道德评价机制的尊重和敬畏,即不为道德褒奖而自豪、满足,也不为道德谴责和惩罚而羞愧、自责,社会道德赏罚机制对其不再起作用,弱化社会道德调控机制的作用,使社会中惩恶扬善的氛围遭到破坏。最后,道德冷漠在淡化主体情感的同时,会导致使主体人格逐步丧失。道德冷漠造成人与人之间互不信任、互相猜疑,正义感、同情心、责任感丧失,主体人格丧失。第三章是探究道德冷漠产生的社会根源。主要从经济对道德的侵蚀、制度伦理性的缺失、工具理性的膨胀、价值相对主义盛行及道德教育的偏失等几个方面进行探讨。首先,经济对道德的侵蚀主要体现在以下几个方面:第一,过度物欲追求所导致的极端利己主义的产生。人过度关注物质生活对人生的意义而忽视精神价值的追求,往往导致个人利益的过度强调,而忽视、漠视他人、集体与国家利益。第二,市场经济等价交换原则的泛滥渗透造成人际关系商品化,将人类最基本的守望相助转化为有偿劳动,人与人之间的多维社会关系变成了单一的物质关系,从而斩断了人际间的情感关系。第三,分配不公对道德价值的否定。公平与正义是道德得以存在的基础,不公正的社会环境易于导致个体对道德价值的怀疑和否定,从而以冷漠态度相对。其次,制度伦理性的缺失也是道德冷漠产生的根源。制度伦理性的缺失主要体现在:第一,制度与道德悖离,制度本身缺乏伦理性。第二,道德激励制度的缺失,缺乏褒奖善行、惩治恶行的制度保障。第三,社会救助机制不完善,对见义勇为、乐于助人者所受损失缺乏应有的补偿和救助。第四,舆论监督机制不健全,对道德的行为未能进行褒奖与鼓励,对不道德的行为未能进行及时揭露与谴责。再次,科学理性的僭越导致道德冷漠的出现。科学理性的僭越主要体现在:第一,理性过度扩张导致的情感退化。理性过度扩张,人受理性支配与约束,情感逐步退化。第二,科技过度依赖导致的主体性丧失。对科技的过度依赖,人开始变成科技的奴隶,人在科技面前逐渐失去其本质性的存在,成为一种工具性的存在。第三,精细分工可能导致的人际隔膜。如,精细分工使人局限于狭小的专业领域,某种程度上难以与专业外的人进行沟通,人与人之间的交往减少。另外,精细分工,使个体从事专项劳动,个体行为与结果之间产生距离,个体价值感相对减少,安全感降低,人与人之间不平等性与对抗性出现,人际隔膜产生。第四,现代组织的规则约束。现代组织纪律与规则的神圣不可侵犯性,导致的人对组织依赖性的增强及组织对人的束缚的加重,结果必然出现对人自身行为负责任的替代品,从而减缓了个体在面对他人困境时,因冷漠无情、袖手旁观而产生的愧疚感与不安感,良知从此消失殆尽。第五,信息泛滥导致的同情疲劳。由于现代信息社会中的信息泛滥,一些人对社会中发生的不幸、苦难等“司空见惯”、见怪不怪,从而在现实社会中遇到他人面临困境时表现出无动于衷、麻木不仁,缺乏基本的同情心与怜悯心。另外,价值相对主义的盛行也会导致道德冷漠的产生。社会转型所带来的价值多元化使人们的价值选择及行为选择出现多样化,可能会造成人的价值观念的紊乱,部分人在多元价值的选择中迷失了可资参照的道德与价值标准,这也是道德冷漠产生的深刻根源。最后,道德教育实践中不同程度存在的偏失也可能导致道德冷漠现象产生。道德教育中存在的问题主要体现在道德教育目标过高,脱离生活实际;道德教育内容片面;道德教育方法滞后等。道德教育的偏失会造成道德教育与社会实际相脱离,受教育者产生逆反心理,不利于道德实践。第四章是探究道德冷漠产生的个体成因。主要从道德认知的模糊、道德情感的淡化、道德意志的衰退及道德行为的逃避四个方面来进行探讨。首先,道德认知模糊体现为道德价值观的迷失,道德信仰的缺失和道德判断的模糊。道德价值观与道德信仰及道德判断是道德行为产生的可靠的稳定的源动力,道德价值观迷失与道德信仰的缺失及道德判断的模糊将使道德行为动机的产生受到一定的影响,导致道德情感淡薄,行为不作为。其次,道德情感的淡化包含道德同情心的弱化,道德敏感性的丧失及道德荣耻感的褪化。同情心的弱化将导致行为主体视他人与社会存在于不顾,完全以自我为中心,片面追求自我价值,造成道德冷漠现象的出现。道德敏感性的丧失也意味着行为主体在面对道德事件时,表现麻木,反应迟钝。道德荣耻感的褪化将导致人的趋荣避辱的道德心理和情感的缺失,最终导致是非观念模糊,道德冷漠产生。再次,道德意志的衰退体现在道德毅力的衰退,道德勇气的丧失及道德恒心的缺失。道德毅力、道德勇气和道德恒心是实践道德行为和维持道德行为的前提与基础。否则,意味着行为主体自制性弱,果断性不强,易受暗示,变得盲从。最后,道德行为的逃避体现在道德责任的分散,道德义务的推卸及道德习惯的忽视。责任感消解,义务感消失,道德习惯未能养成,也使得人与人之间的道德关系归于沉寂,道德冷漠产生。第五章探讨防范与矫治道德冷漠的方法途径。从建设社会主义核心价值观,营造基于公共精神的道德氛围,增强社会制度的伦理性支持,完善基于关怀的道德教育等几个方面来探讨。首先,建设社会主义核心价值观。主要从国家建设、社会治理和个人修为等三个层面来探讨。建设社会主义核心价值观对防范与矫治道德冷漠具有重要的导向作用。“富强、民主、文明、和谐”是我国社会主义现代化国家建设的目标体现。在国家建设层面主要分析阐述了深化经济体制改革,推动政治体制改进及推进文化强国对建设社会主义核心价值观的重要作用。“自由、平等、公正、法治”是从社会层面对社会主义核心价值观的凝练。在社会治理层面主要从尊重和保障人权、健全法治建设和促进社会和谐等三个方面进行分析阐述。个人修为层面主要从明确是非观念,确立理想信念及践行荣辱观念等几个方面进行分析。其次,营造基于公共精神的道德氛围。广泛凝聚社会力量,采取积极有效途径,全面提高公民的思想道德素质,营造良好和谐的思想道德氛围。其中包括:培育公德意识,树立道德榜样,营造良好的道德氛围。再次,要增强社会制度的伦理性支持。具备一定伦理性的社会制度是保障人们进行正确道德行为选择的必要前提与基础。第一,增强制度自身的伦理性。需保证制度的公平与正义。第二,建立道德激励制度。建立正确的道德评价机制,建立对道德行为的回报机制和对败德行为的惩罚机制等。第三,完善道德救助机制,给予施救者一定的社会保障,有效促进和推动社会广泛从善行为的产生。第四,强化舆论监督机制,提高人们对行为善恶的评价能力。第五,完善基于关怀的道德教育。特别强调关于爱的教育、感恩教育和责任教育。结语在以上论述和分析的基础上,指出了道德冷漠是社会转型过程当中出现的一种特殊社会现象,由于其具有社会蔓延性等特征而必须得到防范与矫治。其防范与矫治既需要刚性的制度的保障与规约,也需要基于人际关怀的道德教育,同时更需要个体内在的道德品质的支持。唯有如此,才能建立和谐的人际关系,塑造良好的道德氛围,我国社会主义和谐社会建设才能健康有序地进行。
[Abstract]:Moral indifference is the moral indifference and indifference to a kind of social ideology. Moral apathy is an indifference and indifference to morality such as moral knowledge and moral behavior, and the lack of moral principles and moral norms, the lack of moral sensitivity and moral sympathy, and the rejection of moral responsibility. This article, starting with the analysis of the deep connotation of moral indifference, explores the origin of the emergence of moral indifference, and seeks ways to prevent and cure moral indifference. It provides theoretical support and loan for improving the moral care of people and between people, promoting harmonious social relations and building a socialist harmonious society. This article is divided into three parts: introduction, text and conclusion. The introduction mainly discusses the origin and significance of the study of moral apathy, and reviews the research status on the connotation, causes and prevention and Treatment Countermeasures of moral apathy at home and abroad, so as to provide the basis and reference for this article. The body part includes five chapters. The main contents are as follows: the first chapter is to further analyze the level, type and basic characteristics of moral indifference through the definition of moral indifference and its related concepts, so as to make a more in-depth analysis of the phenomenon of moral indifference. First, the moral indifference and its related concepts are defined. Through moral indifference, moral sensitivity, and the way of moral indifference, the moral indifference is defined. The deep analysis of the related concepts of moral sympathy and moral sense of responsibility points out that moral indifference is the interruption of moral relations between people, moral indifference, the absence of moral and emotion, the escape of moral responsibility, and the concept of moral indifference, that moral apathy is a moral knowledge with a certain moral knowledge. On the premise of understanding and moral concept, with certain psychological consciousness and behavior ability, we ignore moral principles and moral norms, and lack the moral responsibility of moral sensitivity and moral sympathy. Secondly, the moral indifference is divided into a certain level, and the moral indifference is mainly included in the unconsciousness of moral retardation and inaction. The moral aversion, the pleasure of the pastime, the human nature of the cool man, and further analysis of the manifestations and consequences of the various levels. Again, the moral indifference is summed up in types, and the moral indifference is summed up into individual moral indifference and group morality according to the differences in the body of moral indifference. The three main types of indifference and universal social moral apathy are that moral indifference is generally a process from individual indifference to group apathy to universal social indifference. It is a process of mutual influence, infection, extension of the scope of spread and the deepening of social harm. Finally, the basic characteristics of moral indifference are entered. In the second chapter, the second chapter focuses on the essence of moral indifference. This chapter mainly includes two parts, the first part analyses the moral cold. The essence of desert. First, moral indifference is essentially a nothingness of moral value. Moral value is the moral meaning of individual behavior to others or society. Moral indifference is essentially the loss of this sense of moral significance. Secondly, moral indifference is essentially a lack of moral emotion. Moral emotion includes positive emotional experience, such as a positive emotional experience. Sympathy, concern, pity, compassion, etc., including negative emotions, moral indifference is a negative or negative emotion that lacks the above positive and benign emotions. Again, moral apathy is essentially a suspension of moral rationality. The suspension of moral rationality refers to the process of moral reason in the analysis of moral situations and moral reasoning. In the end, moral apathy is a kind of abuse of moral freedom. The abuse of moral freedom refers to the self-consciousness and initiative of the individual in the face of two or more moral choices, and the free right of individual moral choice, giving up the consciousness of moral responsibility and obligation. The second part is the revelation of the harm caused by moral indifference. First, moral indifference leads to alienation of interpersonal relations and social harmony. Moral apathy is an outsider and bystander who disregards others' crisis and transforms himself into an indifference and inexorable person, and eventually leads to the interruption of emotional relations with others, alienation of interpersonal relations. The destruction and fracture of the relationship maintenance chain will inevitably affect the social harmony. Secondly, the moral indifference will weaken the role of the social moral regulation mechanism, corrupt the social morality and destroy the social moral atmosphere. The apathy to the moral problem means that the individual lacks the respect and awe of the moral evaluation mechanism such as the social morality, the reward and punishment, that is, it is not moral. Praise and pride, satisfaction, and not for moral condemnation and punishment and shame, self blame, the mechanism of social moral rewards and punishment does not play a role, weakening the role of social moral regulation mechanism, the social atmosphere of punishment and evil is destroyed. Finally, moral apathy at the same time desalination of the subjective feeling of the subject, will lead to the gradual loss of the main personality. Moral cold cold. The third chapter is to explore the social root of moral indifference, mainly from the erosion of morality, the lack of institutional ethics, the expansion of instrumental rationality, the prevalence of value relativism and the loss of moral education, and so on. First, the economy's erosion of morality is mainly reflected in the following aspects: first, excessive egoism leads to the emergence of extreme egoism. People overly pay attention to the significance of material life to life but ignore the spiritual value, which often leads to excessive emphasis on personal interests, neglecting others, collectives and states. Second, the permeation of the principle of market economy equivalence exchange leads to the commercialization of interpersonal relations, and the transformation of the most basic human support into paid labor. The multidimensional social relationship between people becomes a single material relationship, thus cutting off the emotional relationship between people. Third, the negative distribution of unfairness to moral values. Peace and justice are the foundation of the existence of morality, the unjust social environment is easy to cause the individual to doubt and negate the moral value, and thus is relative to the indifference. Secondly, the lack of institutional ethics is the root of the moral indifference. The lack of institutional ethics is mainly reflected in the following: the first, the separation of the system and morality, and the lack of the system itself. Second, the lack of moral incentive system, the lack of good and good behavior, the system to punish the evil. Third, the mechanism of social assistance is not perfect, the loss of the people who are willing to be brave and willing to help people lack the due compensation and assistance. Fourth, the supervision mechanism of public opinion is not sound, the moral behavior is not rewarded and encouraged, and immoral Behavior failed to reveal and condemn in time. Again, the overstepping of scientific rationality leads to the emergence of moral indifference. The overtaking of scientific rationality is mainly reflected in the following: first, the emotional degradation caused by rational excessive expansion. Rational overexpansion, human admissibility control and constraint, and emotional degradation. Second, the loss of subjectivity caused by excessive reliance on science and technology. The excessive dependence of science and technology, people begin to become slaves of science and technology, people gradually lose their essential existence in the face of science and technology, and become a kind of instrumental existence. Third, fine division of labor may lead to interpersonal separation. For example, the fine division of labor is limited to a narrow professional field, and to some extent it is difficult to communicate with other professionals, people and people. In addition, the fine division of labor, the fine division of labor, makes the individual engaged in special labor, the distance between individual behavior and the result, the relative decrease of individual value, the decrease of the sense of security, the emergence of inequality and antagonism between people, the emergence of interpersonal separation. Fourth, the rules of modern organizations. Crime, resulting in the enhancement of organizational dependence and the aggravation of the bondage of the organization, will inevitably appear to be responsible for the person's own behavior, thus slowing down the sense of guilt and unease of the individual in the face of others' plight, because of the indifference and unfeeling, and the conscience is disappearing from then on. Fifth, caused by the flood of information. Sympathize with fatigue. Because of the flood of information in the modern information society, some people are "commonplace" in the misfortunes and miseries in society, and thus show indifference, indifference, lack of basic sympathy and compassion when confronted with the difficulties faced by others in the real society. In addition, the prevalence of value relativism is also the same. It leads to the emergence of moral indifference. The diversity of values brought by social transformation makes people's choice of values and choices of behavior diversify, which may lead to the disorder of people's values. Some people lose the moral and value standards that can be referred to in the choice of multiple values. This is the profound root of the moral indifference. Finally, The loss of moral education in the practice of moral education may also lead to the emergence of moral indifference. The problems in moral education are mainly embodied in the high goal of moral education, out of the reality of life, the one-sided content of moral education, the lag of moral education methods, and so on. The fourth chapter is to explore the individual causes of moral indifference, mainly from four aspects: the ambiguity of moral cognition, the desalination of moral emotion, the decline of moral will and the escape of moral behavior. First, the moral recognition is embodied in the loss of moral values and moral faith. The loss of moral values and moral beliefs and moral judgments are the reliable and stable source of moral behavior. The loss of moral values and moral beliefs and the blurring of moral judgment will make a certain influence on the generation of moral behavior motivation, which leads to the weak moral emotion and the inaction of behavior. Secondly, the desalination of moral emotion includes the weakening of moral compassion, the loss of moral sensitivity and the disintegration of moral pride. The weakening of compassion will lead to the behavior subject to ignore the existence of other people and society, completely self centered, one-sided pursuit of self value, and the emergence of moral indifference. The loss of moral sensitivity is also intended. In the face of moral events, the subject is numb and insensitive in the face of moral events. The disappearance of moral shame will lead to the lack of moral psychology and emotion of people's honor and disgrace, and eventually lead to the indifference of ideas and moral indifference. Thirdly, the decline of moral will is reflected in the decline of DDD, moral courage and moral perseverance. Moral perseverance, moral courage and moral perseverance are the precondition and foundation for practicing moral behavior and maintaining moral behavior. Otherwise, it means that the behavior subject is weak in self-control, not strong in decisiveness, easy to be implied and to be blind. Finally, the escape of moral behavior is reflected in the dispersion of moral responsibility, moral obligation and moral habit of neglect. The sense of responsibility dispels, the sense of obligation is disappearing, the moral habit is not formed, and the moral relationship between people is left to silence and the moral indifference comes into being. The fifth chapter discusses the ways to prevent and correct the moral indifference. From building the core values of socialism, building a moral atmosphere based on the public spirit, and strengthening the ethical support of the social system. First, the construction of the socialist core values, mainly from the three levels of state construction, social governance and personal repair. The construction of socialist core values has an important guiding role in the prevention and correction of moral indifference. "Rich, democratic, civilized, harmonious". It is the embodiment of the goal of building a socialist modern country in our country.
【学位授予单位】：中央财经大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D648
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本文编号：1996245