论风险社会中高度危险责任免责事由的适用

发布时间：2018-06-28 08:59

本文选题：风险社会 + 高度危险责任　；参考：《山东大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：高度危险责任作为技术进步的产物,也是人类应对风险社会的必要制度。《侵权责任法》以专章形式对其进行了专门规定,开创了新的立法例,对于有效处理高度危险责任法律关系、促进社会经济发展具有重要的意义。本文在对高度危险责任免责事由适用现状的基础上,结合其他国家的相关规定,对我国该制度免责事由的范围和适用规则进行分析,进而提出完善建议。希望通过对免责事由的研究,推动我国高度危险责任制度的完善,更好地发挥其在促进社会发展和技术进步的巨大作用。本文分为五个部分:第一部分为风险社会对高度危险责任的影响,科技发展带来的危险类型不断增加,与此对应高度危险责任的范围也在不断扩大。进入现代社会,新型社会风险出现的可能性和潜在危险大大增加,因此很多国家开始尝试保持高度危险责任制度范围的开放性,以应对未知风险。第二部分为对高度危险责任免责事由的适用现状与效果评析,大陆法系、英美法系都对高度危险责任的免责事由进行了严格限制,但对于适用的免责事由仍有差异。我国在借鉴国外经验的基础上,分别针对不同责任类型规定了不同的免责事由。免责事由适用的法律效果在于免除了责任的承担,社会效果在于通过利益衡量,分配社会风险、维护社会秩序。第三部分为高度危险责任的范围及适用规则,由于风险社会和无过错归责原则的影响,高度危险责任的免责事由的范围限制地更为严格。过失相抵、不可抗力、受害人故意、第三人原因、自甘冒险在高度危险责任中也应适用特殊的规则。第四部分为高度危险责任免责事由的特殊问题分析,当受害人为不完全民事行为能力人时,过错的认定、免责比例应当给与其特殊保护,一般条款未规定免责事由时应当确定如何适用的规则,在特定情况下高度危险责任人履行注意义务时应当免责。第五部分是完善建议部分,针对第三、四部分内容中存在的问题,提出相应的改善措施。应当确立高度危险责任免责事由的体系:明确过失相抵、不可抗力、受害人故意、第三人原因、自甘冒险的适用规则以及一般条款中应当适用的免责事由;确定受害人为不完全民事行为能力人的特殊适用规则,应在适用过失相抵制度以及免责比例方面应予以限制;确立高度危险责任人的高度注意义务和安全措施及警示义务的标准,以保障我国《侵权责任法》第74、75条的准确适用;完善风险分散机制,将建立健全责任保险制度、设立专项救助基金、完善社会保障制度作为高度危险责任免责事由的配套机制,以保证免责事由的法律和社会效果。
[Abstract]:As a product of technological progress, high risk liability is also a necessary system for human beings to deal with the risk society. The Tort liability Law has made special provisions on it in the form of a special chapter, and has created a new legislative example. It is of great significance to deal with the legal relationship of high risk responsibility and promote the development of social economy. On the basis of the current situation of the application of the exonerations of high risk liability and the relevant provisions of other countries, this paper analyzes the scope and applicable rules of the exemption in our country, and then puts forward some suggestions for perfection. It is hoped that through the study of the reasons of exemption, we can promote the perfection of the system of high risk responsibility in our country, and give full play to its great role in promoting social development and technological progress. This paper is divided into five parts: the first part is the impact of the risk society on the high risk responsibility. The types of danger brought by the development of science and technology are increasing, and the scope of the corresponding high risk responsibility is also expanding. In modern society, the possibility and potential danger of new social risk increase greatly, so many countries begin to try to maintain the openness of the scope of high risk liability system in order to deal with unknown risks. The second part is the analysis of the current situation and effect of the exoneration of the high risk liability. The civil law system and the common law system all have the strict restriction to the high danger responsibility exemption reason, but there are still differences for the applicable reason. On the basis of using foreign experience for reference, our country has stipulated different reasons of exemption for different types of responsibility. The legal effect of exemption from liability lies in the exemption from liability, and the social effect lies in the distribution of social risks and the maintenance of social order through the measurement of interests. The third part is the scope and applicable rules of high risk liability. Because of the influence of risk society and the principle of no-fault imputation, the scope of the exoneration of high risk liability is more strict. Fault offset, force majeure, victim intent, third party reasons, self-risk should also apply special rules in high risk liability. The fourth part is the analysis of the special problems of the high risk liability exemption, when the victim is the incomplete civil capacity person, the proportion of exemption should be given special protection to the fault. The rule of how to apply should be determined when the general clause does not specify the reason of exemption, and the duty of care should be waived when the person responsible for high risk in certain circumstances performs his duty of care. The fifth part is the perfect suggestion part, aiming at the problems in the third and fourth parts, puts forward the corresponding improvement measures. It is necessary to establish the system of exoneration of high risk liability: clear fault offset, force majeure, victim intention, third party reason, the applicable rules of risk-taking and the exemption reason that should be applied in the general clause; The special applicable rules for determining that the victim is a person with incomplete civil capacity should be restricted in the application of the fault offset system and the exemption ratio. To establish the standards of high duty of care, safety measures and warning obligations of those responsible for high risk, in order to ensure the accurate application of Article 7475 of the Tort liability Law, to perfect the mechanism of risk dispersion, and to establish and perfect the liability insurance system, The special relief fund should be set up to perfect the social security system as the supporting mechanism of the high risk responsibility exemption in order to ensure the legal and social effect of the exemption.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923

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