论笑的统一原理及其表现

发布时间：2018-01-26 15:57

本文关键词： 笑幽默喜剧性形象错谬美学　出处：《山东大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：幽默(或者喜剧性)是美学的传统论题。幽默的明显效果是引人发笑。因此,为了理解幽默的本质,就要理解幽默令人发笑的原理。哲学家们通常专注于理解幽默导致的笑,但笑不仅仅是幽默导致的,因此莫名其妙的其他笑声常常干扰他们的思路。因此,全面理解笑的不同原因就更可取。在这种全面的理解之下探讨幽默的本质或许就来得容易一些。我们知道出生不到一个月的婴儿就会无声地微笑,而类人猿也有类似于笑的表现,因此人类最初的微笑是不涉及认知和文化内容的生物学品性。婴儿微笑是身体舒适的自然表现,其功能是让母亲知道她状况良好。母婴之间的这种原始的交流方式对于人类生存至关重要。我们把这种笑的原理叫做“愉快原理”。建立在母婴亲密关系之上的这种笑,是人类表达友好和亲昵的基本手段。成年人世界中的任何欲望的满足,如在财产、地位、名声方面的满足,涉及认知和文化因素,也导致笑,但这种笑的根本原因不是身体的,而是认知的满足“绑架”了为笑负责的神经系统为自己服务。其他类型的笑都涉及到相关神经系统的这种“绑架”。大约从三个月大开始,人类就开始为“形象认知”而笑。人类天生就有对世界上一切事物的形象的认知能力,而这种认知过程伴随着非功利的愉快,这正是康德所界定的审美愉快。我们把形象认知的愉快导致笑的原因叫做“形象原理”。非常有趣的一种笑是由我们身体的某些敏感部位(如腋窝和脚底)受到了合适的刺激而引起的。在这种境况下的主体有一种难以忍受的体验,那并不愉快,却导致不可抑制的大笑。由于这种笑是反射性的,因此我们把引起这种笑的机制叫做“反射原理”,意思是：在敏感部位受到触动的“危险”情况下,为笑负责的涉及系统受到绑架,发出一种不自主的大笑,意在向对方发出被迫的友好信号,免得他伤害我们。本文的主要兴趣集中在“错谬原理”上。我们检讨了四种重要的幽默理论,然后我们采纳并发展了叔本华表达的那种“错谬理论”。我们发现无论什么可笑的对象或者境况,都涉及到把一个对象错误地放在另一个概念之下。这个错误的原因是这个对象仅仅在一方面与那个概念相似或者相同,在其他方面则不同甚至相反,这就构成了“错谬”。我们能够自由地认识到这种错谬,因此体验到愉快并笑。由此我们得到一个结论：人类全部的笑都出于上述四个“原理”：愉快原理、形象原理、反射原理和错谬原理。愉快原理是原始的和身体的,反射原理是进化过程为人类设计的一种自我保护的自动机制,而形象原理和错谬原理都是审美性质的。笑给我们一种无限多样的印象,因此声称笑的多样表现仅仅归于四个原理,似乎令人生疑。但是,多样的色调却仅仅是用三原色以不同比例调制而成的。因此,我们在最后分析笑如何在多样的社会-文化背景下得到许多额外意义。另外,我们还发现幽默所蕴含的那种“错谬”是人类文化和自由的核心本质。如此说来,虽然笑本身是欠庄重的,却对人类具有根本性的意义。
[Abstract]:humor ( or comedy ) is a traditional theme of aesthetics . The obvious effect of humor is to laugh . Therefore , in order to understand the nature of humor , it is necessary to understand the principles of humor . philosophers often focus on understanding humor - induced laughter , but laugh is not just humor - induced , so the other laughter often interferes with their ideas . Therefore , it is preferable to understand the different reasons of laughter . We know that babies born less than a month will smile silently , and apes have a similar smile , so the original smile is not related to the biological character of cognitive and cultural content . Baby ' s smile is a natural expression of physical comfort . Its function is to let the mother know that she is in good condition . The principle of this kind of smile is called " pleasure principle . " This kind of laughter built on Mother - to - Child relationship is the basic means of human expression and intimacy . The satisfaction of any desire in the adult world , such as satisfaction with regard to property , status , fame , involves cognitive and cultural factors , but also causes laughter , but the root cause of this smile is not physical , but the cognitive satisfaction of " kidnapping " serves its own service for laughing . Other types of laughter relate to this " kidnapping " of the relevant nervous system . From the beginning of the three months , mankind began to laugh at " image cognition " . Human beings are born with the cognitive ability to the image of everything in the world , and this cognitive process is accompanied by the pleasure of non - utilitarian , which is the aesthetic pleasure defined by Kant . The reason why we recognize the image is called the " image principle " . A very interesting laugh is caused by the proper stimulation of certain sensitive parts of our body ( such as axillary and sole ) . In this situation the subject has an unbearable experience , which is not pleasant , but leads to uncontrollable laughter . As such a smile is reflective , we call a mechanism of laughter called " reflection principle " , meaning that the system that is responsible for laughing is kidnapped and sends out an involuntary laugh which is intended to send a forced friendly signal to the other , lest he hurt us . The main interests of this article are concentrated on the " paradox principle " . We reviewed four important theories of humor , then we adopted and developed the " paradox theory " of Schopenhauer ' s expression . We found that whatever the laughable objects or circumstances involved , it was involved in incorrectly placing an object under another concept . This error was due to the fact that the object was similar or identical to that concept on the one hand , and that in other ways , it constituted a " paradox " . We were free to recognize this paradox , thus experiencing a pleasant and laugh . So we get a conclusion that all the laughter of mankind is out of the four " principles " : pleasure principle , image principle , reflection principle and error principle . The pleasure principle is original and body . The principle of reflection is an automatic mechanism of self - protection for human design , and the principle of image and the principle of error are all aesthetic . While laughter gives us an infinite variety of impressions , it seems doubtful that the various manifestations of laughter are solely attributable to the four principles . However , the various shades are only made in different proportions by three primary colors . Therefore , we also find that the " paradox " contained in humor is at the heart of human culture and freedom .

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B842.6

【共引文献】