科学发明创造问题解决中原型位置效应的实验研究

发布时间：2018-02-11 17:22

本文关键词： 科学发明创造问题原型位置效应原型启发顿悟　出处：《郑州大学》2016年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：作为创造性思维的一种特殊形式,顿悟是一种非常重要的创造性思维。目前,心理学家已经对顿悟问题做了大量的研究,但对于其认知机制的探讨一直处于争论之中。科学界的很多发明创造都是科学家通过顿悟过程产生的,因此,对于科学发明领域的创造性研究也许更能揭示顿悟的本质。本研究在已有研究的基础上,选用科学发明创造问题作为实验材料,针对科学发明创造问题解决中的原型位置效应做进一步深入研究,探讨原型位置的作用原理,揭示原型启发的作用机制,丰富原型启发理论的研究成果,为人们创造性问题解决能力的提高和创造性思维的培养提供参考。本研究共有三个实验。实验一采用单因素被试内实验设计,自变量为原型位置,探讨原型位置对科学发明创造问题解决的影响,在验证问题解决存在原型位置效应的基础上,考察在原型激活上是否同样会出现原型位置效应。实验二采用2(原型位置:先原型和后原型)×2(有无标识:有标识和无标识)两因素被试内实验设计,探讨原型位置效应产生的原因,验证是否是由于原型位置不同导致了原型表征性质的不同而产生的。实验三在实验二的基础上,采用2(原型位置:先原型和后原型)×2(标识不同信息:标识特征性功能短语和标识科学方法词组)两因素混合实验设计,被试间变量为标识不同信息,被试内变量为原型位置,进一步探讨对于两种不同的信息,被试更突出表征哪种信息,而对于这种信息的突出表征更能解释原型位置效应的产生。研究结论:(1)在原型激活阶段出现了原型位置效应,后原型条件下的原型激活率高于先原型条件,即后原型的条件下更容易激活原型。(2)原型位置效应的产生正是由于对原型知识表征的不同导致的,在后原型的条件下,被试会突出表征原型中有利于问题解决的关键信息(“构造-功能”语句),使得问题比先原型条件下容易得到解决。(3)在后原型的条件下,被试会更突出表征原型关键信息中显示科学原理的科学方法词组,进而受到启发得出问题的解决办法。
[Abstract]:As a special form of creative thinking, epiphany is a very important kind of creative thinking. But the study of its cognitive mechanism has been under debate. Many inventions in the scientific community are generated by the process of epiphany, so, Creative research in the field of scientific invention may better reveal the nature of epiphany. The effect of archetypal location in the problem solving of scientific invention and creation is further studied, the working principle of prototype location is discussed, the mechanism of archetypal inspiration is revealed, and the research results of archetypal heuristic theory are enriched. In this study, there are three experiments. Experiment 1 is designed by single factor experiment, with independent variables as the prototype, and can be used as a reference for the improvement of creative problem-solving ability and the cultivation of creative thinking. This paper probes into the influence of prototype position on the problem solving of scientific invention and creation, and on the basis of verifying the existence of prototype location effect in problem-solving, In experiment 2, two factors (prototype position: first prototype and later prototype) 脳 2 (with or without mark: marked and unmarked) were used. This paper discusses the cause of prototype position effect, and verifies whether it is caused by the different prototype position, which leads to the different characterization of prototype. Experiment 3 is based on experiment 2. 2 (prototype position: first prototype and later prototype) 脳 2 (identifying different information: identifying characteristic functional phrase and identifying scientific method phrase) were used as the mixed experimental design. The variables among the subjects were identified different information, and the internal variables were the prototype position. For two different kinds of information, the participants are more prominent in representing the information, and the prominent representation of this information can explain the generation of the prototype position effect. Conclusion: 1) the prototype position effect appears in the prototype activation stage. The activation rate of prototype under post-prototype condition is higher than that under pre-prototype condition, that is, it is easier to activate archetype under post-prototype condition. The participants will highlight the key information ("structure-function" statement) that is helpful to problem solving in the representation prototype, which makes the problem easier to be solved under the condition of the first prototype. The participants will highlight the phrase of scientific method which represents the key information of the prototype and then be inspired to find the solution to the problem.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：B842

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