无掩蔽启动范式下的负相容效应及其机制探讨

发布时间：2018-02-20 14:36

本文关键词： 负相容效应掩蔽单侧化准备电位评价窗理论　出处：《西南大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：掩蔽启动范式是研究阈下刺激对行为影响的一种重要方法。通常,与不相容条件相比,相容条件下的启动刺激可以促进个体对目标刺激加工。自Eimer和Schlaghecken首先发现反直觉的负相容效应,研究者们已经反复在掩蔽启动范式下证明了负相容效应的存在。负相容效应是指不相容条件比相容条件下的反应时更短、错误率更低的现象。研究者们已经用行为实验、事件相关电位、功能性核磁共振技术、经颅刺激技术等来研究负相容效应的发生机制和发生阶段问题。目前,针对负相容效应的发生机制问题,集中了四种主流理论解释,自我抑制理论、目标更新理论、掩蔽抑制理论,以及评价窗理论。Eimer和Schlaghecken提出的自我抑制理论负相容效应的产生是一个低水平、自动化的抑制过程,只有启动刺激在保证低可视性的同时,感觉表征达到一定强度才能激发抑制。Lleras和Enns提出的目标更新理论认为负相容效应源于启动刺激和掩蔽在知觉水平的交互。Jaskowski等人提出的掩蔽抑制理论同样认为负相容效应的产生基于抑制机制,然而这种抑制是由启动刺激之后呈现的掩蔽刺激诱发的。Klauer和Dittrich提出的评价窗理论认为评价窗口在启动刺激呈现之后打开是产生负相容效应的必要条件。评价窗理论和前三种传统理论的不同在于负相容效应发生的阶段和掩蔽刺激对负相容效应的影响,即负相容效应发生在中枢阶段还是反应阶段、不呈现掩蔽的条件下究竟能否产生负相容效应。本研究旨在探讨：(1)负相容效应是否可以产生于无掩蔽的启动范式,并且这种效应基于中枢阶段；(2)评价窗理论所强调的随机和区组两种不同经验背景对负相容效应的影响。为减弱刺激与反应键之间的联结,本研究采用汉字词语作为实验材料。共包括两个实验：实验一有32名大学生被试,12对取自汉语情感词语系统的词语对实验材料,被试则根据目标词语的正性或负性效价作出按键判断。本实验以ISI、一致性和刺激呈现方式为自变量,以被试对目标的反应时和错误率为因变量,考察负相容效应产生于何种条件以及产生负相容效应的关键ISI。实验二基于实验一,共有15名大学生被试,采用与实验一相同的材料和被试任务。本实验仅以一致性和刺激呈现方式为自变量,以被试对目标的反应时和错误率为因变量,通过EEG技术和LRP指标进一步考察评价窗理论对于负相容效应大小预测的正确性。实验得出以下结果：实验一中,组块条件下ISI较短时相容条件的反应时更短,随着ISI延长相容条件表现出的该种优势逐渐减小并开始呈现出不相容条件反应时更短的趋势,当ISI达到470ms时不相容条件表现出的优势达到显著：随机条件下整个ISI时间点上相容条件都表现出反应时更短的优势,而不相容条件始终没有显现该种优势。实验二中,在行为结果上与实验一相类似,只在组块条件下得到了负相容效应,而随机条件下相容条件的反应时仍然占据优势。同样,平均LRP的结果显示不相容条件下呈现微弱正波,相容条件下呈现微弱负波,并且该种电位差异在启动刺激呈现之后、目标刺激呈现之前就已经存在,且仅存在于组块条件下。结合实验一和实验二的结果以及相关的讨论,本实验的主要结论如下：实验一：掩蔽刺激并非产生负相容效应必不可少的条件,没有掩蔽刺激的启动范式同样可以得到负相容效应。启动刺激与目标刺激之间的间隔时间与负相容效应的产生有非常重要的关系,ISI较短时表现出正相容效应,ISI较长时表现出负相容效应。连续不断的刺激流形成的经验背景与负相容效应大小也有密切联系,负相容效应只在区组条件下产生,而在随机条件下只出现正相容效应。实验二：不相容条件表现出的优势在目标出现前就已经存在,评价窗理论关于相容效应大小的预测函数还有待检验和修正。以上研究结果表明负相容效应可以在无掩蔽条件下产生,并且该种可以基于中枢阶段。随机和区组两种经验背景对负相容效应的影响不同,区组背景下更容易得到负相容效应。
[Abstract]:In this paper , we find out that the negative compatibility effect is based on the inhibition mechanism , and the negative compatibility effect is the only necessary condition for the negative compatibility effect . In order to reduce the coupling between stimulus and reaction bonds , the study used Chinese characters as experimental materials . Two experiments were carried out : Thirty - two college students were tested and the key ISI of negative compatibility effect was determined according to the positive or negative potency of the target words . The results are as follows : In the experiment 1 , the ISI is shorter than that of the short - term compatibility condition . As the ISI is longer , the advantages of the non - compatible condition are obvious : the compatibility condition of the whole ISI in the random condition has the advantage of shorter reaction time , while the incompatible condition still does not show the advantage . The results show that the weak positive wave is presented under the condition of random condition and the compatible condition still occupies the advantage . The main conclusions of this experiment are as follows : Experiment 1 : The masking stimulus is not necessary to produce the negative compatibility effect . There is a very important relationship between the interval time between the stimulus and the target stimulus and the negative compatibility effect . The experience background of continuous stimulation flow has a positive compatibility effect . The negative compatibility effect is only generated under the condition of the zone group , but only the positive compatibility effect appears in the random condition . Experiment 2 : The advantages of the incompatibility condition already exist before the target appears , and the evaluation window theory is still to be tested and corrected with respect to the prediction function of the size of the compatible effect . The results show that the negative compatibility effect can be generated under the condition of no masking , and it can be based on the central stage . The effects of two empirical backgrounds on the negative compatibility effect are different , and the negative compatibility effect is more easily obtained in the background of the region group .

【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B848.4

【参考文献】