吸烟者的香烟渴求感与冲动性行为关系研究

发布时间：2018-02-26 23:22

本文关键词： 吸烟冲动性渴求感延迟折扣反应抑制注意力　出处：《西南大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：吸烟是当今世界造成预防疾病和死亡的第一大原因,已成为对人类健康最大的威胁。世界卫生组织研究表明,世界每年因吸烟而死亡的人数高达500万。除生理层面以外,吸烟在很大程度上会引起临床或亚临床水平的尼古丁依赖,即吸烟成瘾。除了香烟本身所含的成瘾成分,香烟依赖和成瘾背后也隐含了复杂的社会和心理因素,因此,了解引起吸烟成瘾的心理因素与行为机制,有助于控制吸烟成瘾者的数量,提高吸烟引起疾病的预防和治疗。吸烟者在选择时偏好眼前利益,其自我调节能力较差,行为表现出冲动性。目前为止,冲动行为的实验范式大致分为两大类：第一类范式是奖励方面的延迟,第二类范式与行为抑制有关,是指个体适度地抑制想法和行为的能力。两种冲动性范式在吸烟行为中都扮演至关重要的角色。一方面,在延迟行为范式中,吸烟者在延迟奖励方面的表现与控制人群有显著不同,吸烟个体比不吸烟和戒烟个体在延迟折扣上表现出更大的冲动性；另一方面,在行为抑制范式中,行为抑制能力越差,个体越难控制其对香烟的吸食,也就意味着越容易发展成成瘾行为,因此抑制能力被视为抵抗成瘾的重要因素。此外,大量研究探讨了吸烟个体对香烟信号的注意偏向和渴求感,证实了香烟相关信号(如吸烟图片)可激活和提高吸烟者对香烟的渴求感,但没有将其与个体行为上表现出的普遍冲动性相联系。为进一步探讨吸烟个体冲行动背后的心理机制,实验一通过外显和内隐两种方式激发个体对香烟的渴求感,探究吸烟者与不吸烟控制组香烟渴求感水平及其对延迟折扣率是否存在影响。由于成瘾物质信号对个体注意力的集中与抑制控制存在相互的关系,即减少的抑制控制在直接暴露于成瘾物质相关的刺激中时可能有所提高。因此实验二直接将吸烟相关场景图片作为Go-Nogo实验材料,并考虑刺激图片本身的情绪效价(正性或负性),试图探究吸烟者和控制组在反应抑制上的差异,以及对吸烟信号刺激的注意能否对抑制控制能力产生影响。综合实验一和实验二的结果,得出以下结论： (1)吸烟者的吸烟渴求感可通过视觉香烟刺激的激活而提高,并且不受激活方式的影响。 (2)吸烟组与控制组延迟折扣的基线水平无差异,但通过激活,吸烟组延迟折扣率显著高于控制组,并且可由香烟渴求感来预测延迟折扣水平,表明吸烟者行为的冲动性通过香烟渴求感的激活而提高。 (3)在以吸烟场景图片为反应材料的Go-Nogo实验中,吸烟组与控制组在go反应(按键)反应时和正确率上无显著差异,而在nogo反应(按键抑制)上,吸烟组正确率显著高于控制组正确率,表明当实验材料为成瘾强化刺激物时,吸烟者的抑制控制能力不仅不会弱于控制组,反而比控制组表现更好。表明对于吸烟者对吸烟信号这一特殊刺激的抑制冲动性不同于普遍的行为抑制冲动性,证实了药物依赖者对成瘾物质信号的注意力会影响其抑制控制能力,原本减少的抑制控制能力在直接暴露于成瘾信号中时会有所提高和改善。 (4)个体在正性图片上的按键反应时和正确率均高于中性和负性图片,并且在抑制反应上,对正性图片的抑制正确率也高于中性图片,由此证明了个体对正性诱惑刺激的注意和反应倾向性。
[Abstract]:Smoking is one of the world's largest cause prevention cause of illness and death, has become the biggest threat to human health. Research shows that the number of WHO, the world die each year because of smoking up to 5 million. In addition to the physiological level, smoking can cause nicotine clinical or subclinical level dependent to a great extent, is addicted to smoking in addition to addiction component of cigarette contained behind, cigarette dependence and addiction also implies the social and psychological factors, complicated therefore, psychological factors of smoking addiction and behavior caused by the number of understanding, help to control smoking addicts, improve the prevention and treatment of diseases caused by smoking.
Smokers preference immediate interests in the selection, the self adjustment ability is poor, impulsive behavior. So far, the experimental paradigm of impulsive behavior can be divided into two categories: the first category is the delayed reward paradigm, second kinds of paradigm and behavioral inhibition, refers to a modest effect on body ability of thought and behavior. Two kinds of impulsivity paradigm all play a vital role in smoking behavior. On the one hand, the delay behavior paradigm, and crowd control in delayed rewards smokers were significantly different, the impulse is greater than the individual smoking showed no smoking and quit smoking in the individual delay discounting; on the other hand, in the paradigm of behavioral inhibition, inhibition ability is poorer, more difficult to control the individual for cigarette smoking, which means more vulnerable to addiction, so the inhibition ability was seen as important for addiction resistance . in addition, a large number of studies on smoking cigarettes on the individual attention signal bias and craving, confirmed the relevant signal (such as smoking cigarettes picture) can activate and enhance the sense of hunger for cigarette smokers, but not generally impulsive and individual behavior that appears to be associated.
In order to further explore the psychological mechanism behind the action of smoking individuals rushed through experiment, explicit and implicit two ways to stimulate the individual craving for cigarettes, smokers and non-smokers on control group cigarette craving level and its effect on delay discounting rate exists. Because the signal of addictive substance concentration and inhibition of individual attention control the relationship between each other, which reduced the inhibitory control in direct exposure may increase in addiction related stimuli in experiment two. It will directly related to smoking scene pictures as experimental materials and Go-Nogo, consider the stimulus picture itself emotional valence (positive or negative), trying to explore the smokers and control group in different reaction the inhibition of smoking, and signal stimulus attention can produce effect on inhibitory control ability. A comprehensive experiment and the results of experiment two, draw the following conclusions:
(1) the smokers' thirst for smoking can be enhanced by the activation of visual cigarette stimulation and is not affected by the mode of activation.
(2) the smoking group and baseline control group delay discounting differences, but through the activation of the smoking group delay discounting rate is significantly higher than the control group, and to predict the delay discount level by cigarette craving, impulsive behavior shows that smokers by cigarette craving activation increased.
(3) in the Go-Nogo experiment with smoking scene pictures as reaction materials in the smoking group and the control group in the go reaction (key) there was no significant difference between the reaction time and correct rate, while in the NoGo reaction (key inhibition), the correct rate of the smoking group was significantly higher than the control group showed that the correct rate, as the experimental materials for addiction strengthen the stimulus, smokers inhibitory ability not weaker than the control group than the control group, but better. Show that for different smokers on the special smoking suppression signal impulse stimulation to the general behavior of restraining impulsivity, confirmed drug dependence on addictive substances signal attention will affect its inhibitory control ability originally, inhibitory control ability reduced in direct exposure to addiction in signal will be increased and improved.
(4) the key response time and accuracy rate of individuals on positive pictures were higher than those of neutral and negative pictures. And the inhibition rate of positive pictures was higher than that of neutral pictures, which proved the individual's attention and response tendency towards positive seduction stimuli.

【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B848

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