被背叛感、利他惩罚，及其预测关系：信任博弈的ERP研究

发布时间：2018-03-04 19:08

本文选题：利他惩罚　切入点：被背叛　出处：《西南大学》2016年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本研究运用事件相关电位技术(ERP),聚焦于重复性信任博弈实验决策过程中,被试作为委托人在面对背叛时的脑电反应,以及决策对对方实施利他惩罚时的内在心理加工机制;并且考察被背叛感与实施利他惩罚这两者之间的心理联系。正式实验中的被试扮演委托人,在各个试次中有固定的基本金,同时获得金额不等的投资金,用以决定是否投资给被委托人用以盈利盈利额度为十倍;盈利金的一半可能会返还给被试,也可能一分都不返还;当面对不返还时,被试需要决定是否对对方实施利他惩罚。已有研究发现,相比于得到对方的公平回报,被试在面对对方的背叛结果时,常会感受到较强的负面情绪。这种被背叛感及其内在的心理及加工机制需要得到更深入的了解。为这种负性的被背叛感所激发,个体或许会有报复或惩罚对方的意向。在信任博弈中,个体被给予决定是否要对背叛者实施利他惩罚的机会。利他惩罚是指,个体以自身遭受损失为代价,也要去惩罚违背公平或合作原则的人。关于利他惩罚的内在心理机制的解释,目前学界尚存在分歧。有些研究认为,个体实施利他惩罚是由于,诸如对方的提议违背公平原则(更多体现在最后通牒博弈范式中)或遭到对方背叛(更多地体现在信任博弈中)等情境,引发个体产生强烈的负性情绪感受而不惜以自身损失为代价来惩罚对方,以获得情绪上的舒缓或平衡;相反地,即使仍为负性情绪所驱使,但如果个体因惩罚带给自身的损失而抑制了情绪冲动(认知控制机制),他便会选择不实施利他惩罚。而另一些研究认为,实施利他惩罚恰恰是人们基于道德感而主动维护公平原则,所做出的具有自我控制性质的利他行为;然而假如个体的认知调控能力较弱,而致使自发的自利倾向战胜了利他的道德感,他便会选择不实施利他惩罚。由此可见,对认知控制的作用对象是抑制情绪冲动,还是基于理性考虑的自利动机的认定,直接导致了“负性情绪驱动利他惩罚”和“道德感驱使利他惩罚”这两种不同的理论解释。在比较被试在决定惩罚时和决定不惩罚时的脑电及行为差异的同时,研究根据惩罚与否将试次分为两类,回溯比较这两类试次中被试在面对背叛结果时的脑电反应差异,据此探测被背叛感是否对利他惩罚决策结果具有预测作用。实验分为行为预实验和脑电实验,主要的实验结果是:(1)在返还阶段,相对于得到回报,在遭受对方的背叛时被试产生了显著更强的的反馈相关负波(feedback-related negativity,FRN,280-380ms)和显著更正的晚期正成分波(late positive component,LPC,430-530ms);(2)在惩罚阶段,被试在决定不惩罚时比决定惩罚时产生更正的LPC(400-500ms);(3),相比于决定不实施惩罚时的试次中,决定惩罚时的试次中被试在面对背叛结果时具有显著更强的LPC成分激活(400-800ms)。主要结论:(1)在返还阶段,被试面对背叛结果时比面对回报时,一方面将其知觉为负性的结果而产生更强的FRN,另一方面产生强烈的负性情绪而反映为LPC激活;(2)在惩罚阶段,被试决定不惩罚时比决定惩罚时需要更强的认知控制,这表征为LPC,由此也支持“利他惩罚由负性情绪驱动而出于非对公平原则的道德维护”这个观点;(3)关于预测关系的研究表明,被试在面对对方的背叛时的LPC激活程度,能够预测其最终在惩罚阶段是否会实施利他惩罚,被背叛时的负性情绪感受越强,表现为LPC波幅越大,因此越有可能基于此负性情绪实施利他惩罚。
[Abstract]:This study used event-related potential (ERP), focusing on repeated trust game experiments in the decision-making process, the subjects as the principal electroencephalic response in the face of betrayal, and the decision to implement the altruistic punishment when the other side of internal psychological mechanism; and the investigation and implementation of altruistic punishment between psychological contact betrayed in the formal sense. Experimental subjects play the principal, in each basic gold fixed times, and varying amounts of investment funds, to decide whether to be the principal investment for profits for the amount of ten times earnings; half of gold may be returned to the participants, and may also be divided do not return; when the face is not returned, participants need to decide whether to implement the altruistic punishment. Other studies have found that compared to get a fair return on the other side, the subjects in the face each other against the results, often feel more Strong negative emotions. The sense of betrayal and inner psychological and processing mechanism needs to be more in-depth understanding. Inspired for this negative sense of betrayal, the individual may have revenge or punish each other's intention. In the trust game, the individual is given to decide whether to implement the altruistic punishment opportunity for betrayal. Altruistic punishment refers to the individual to its own loss cost, also to punish unfair or cooperative principle. The internal psychological mechanism on altruistic punishment explanation, the academic circles still controversial. Some studies suggest that the implementation of individual altruistic punishment is due to, such as the proposal violates the principle of equality (more reflected in the ultimatum game paradigm) or by the other side of betrayal (more reflected in the trust game in such situations, the individual) caused by negative emotions strongly felt at the loss of their own cost to Punish each other, in order to get emotional relief or balance; on the contrary, even if is still driven by negative emotions, but if the individual for punishment to bring their own losses and the inhibition of the emotional impulse (cognitive control mechanism), he will choose not to implement the altruistic punishment. Other studies suggest that the implementation of altruistic punishment is people based on the moral sense and actively uphold the principle of fairness, made with altruistic behavior of self control properties; however, if the individual cognitive control ability is weak, resulting in spontaneous self-interest over altruistic moral sense, he would choose not to implement the altruistic punishment. Thus, the object is to suppress the emotional cognitive control based on the rational consideration, or self-interest that led directly to the "negative emotion driven altruistic punishment" and "moral sense driven by altruistic punishment" of the two different theories. Differences in EEG and behavior in comparison to the subjects in the decision to punish and decided not to punish the at the same time, according to the study of punishment or not will try again is divided into two categories, backtracking compare these two types of trial subjects in the face of betrayal when the results of the EEG response difference, according to the detected result is whether the sense of betrayal predict altruistic punishment decision. The experiment was divided into behavior pre experiment and EEG experiments, the main results are: (1) in the return stage, compared with each other in return, suffer betrayal subjects had a significantly stronger feedback related negativity (feedback-related negativity, the FRN, 280-380ms) and significant corrections the late positive component wave (late positive component, LPC, 430-530ms); (2) in the penalty phase, subjects have corrected LPC than in decided to punish decided not to punish (400-500ms); (3), compared to trial decided not to implement the punishment decision. Try the punishment on LPC components have significantly stronger in the face of betrayal when the results of activation (400-800ms). The main conclusions: (1) in the return stage, participants face betrayal results than in return, hand the perceived negative results generated stronger FRN, on the other hand have strong negative emotions and reflect the activation of LPC; (2) in the penalty phase, control subjects decided not to punish than punishment needs more cognitive decision, the characterization of LPC, which also support the "altruistic punishment driven by negative emotions and out of non equity moral maintenance" this view; (3) research on the relationship between prediction showed that subjects in the face of each other while betraying LPC activation degree, can predict the final stage in the punishment will implement the altruistic punishment of negative emotion, betrayed the feeling stronger, as the larger LPC amplitude, so the more likely Based on this negative emotion, altruistic punishment is carried out.

【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：B842.1

【相似文献】