生成知觉观研究

发布时间：2018-03-07 02:27

本文选题：生成认知　切入点：知觉　出处：《南京大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：人类被认知问题困扰了几千年,其中的知觉问题更是占据特殊地位——它沟通了“物理域”与“心理域”。本文建立在哲学、认知心理学和认知神经科学等多学科基础之上,针对传统认知主义的局限与困境,尝试探讨生成认知进路的知觉观,从而进一步揭示认知的本质。传统认知主义的核心是“机械隐喻”,认为知觉是一个信息加工流程和一个神经运行过程,这在本体论上是笛卡尔式二元论的立场的延续,在方法论上沿袭了西方近代科学的构成论、机械论研究传统和个体主义研究取向。在科学实践上最终陷入了知觉对客观世界反映的真实性、知觉的“非充分性决定”、直接知觉与间接知觉等问题的持久争论之中。传统认知主义非但无法解决“物理域”与“心理域”之间的鸿沟,反而陷入一个新的表征与知觉体验之间的“心—心”问题的逻辑鸿沟。具身认知在反对“机械隐喻”的道路上迈出了可贵的第一步,然而,它并不能充当严格意义上的研究范式。生成认知进路指明了新的方向,它不仅给出“身—心”问题真正的解决方案,同时提供一个兼容认知心理学、神经科学、生物学和哲学等多学科的平台和衔接认知科学各领域的核心理念。生成进路的核心是倡导生命与认知的深刻连续性,并主张在这个连续体上研究认知。它建立在自治、具身、涌现、意义建构和经验等核心理念之上,所谓认知指的是,自治的行动者为了产生和维持自身,建基于积极的意义建构活动,并生成自己的“意义世界”的过程。关于认知的理论首先是关于知觉的理论,生成进路不是从“输入—输出”关系,而是从自治的行动者出发,在动态的感知运动环路中探寻知觉。关于知觉基本问题的探讨有助于我们检验生成认识的理论效力。视知觉存在“非充分决定”问题,即视网膜成像并不能决定知觉系统最终的知觉内容。生成知觉观认为,知觉内容本身并不总是详尽和完整的,知觉者对那些“不在场”物的知觉体验的获取依赖于——他们按照自身的感知运动的方式与环境打交道的方式。在解决知觉的直接与间接的争论问题上,生成知觉观指出它们的问题在于错误地将知觉规定为内部或外部的,相反,知觉既非内部的,也非外部的,而是作为整体的系统与广泛的外在情境的“关系域”。对颜色的讨论中,生成进路不同意主观主义将颜色还原为纯粹的神经过程和心理体验,也不赞同客观主义将其归结为客体的质性。颜色遵循自身的逻辑,它是具身的和生成的,它存在于物理地带与心理地带、认知与文化的交合之处。个体知觉是社会知觉的压缩版本,我们要考察真实的认知过程,必须要将其置于特定的社会的、历史的、文化的语境之中。从生成的视角看,社会认知本质上是自治的社会个体为维持自身生命的生存与延续,根植于社会交互的基础上的成员共享的意义建构活动。同时,自然选择需要被重新理解,认知进化也不能等同于生物进化,文化不是内嵌于认知的模块,它不仅影响我们的认知、神经发展和行为,同时也被我们认知所重塑,每一个人都是经过文化适应的主体。我们最终得以用统一的语言解读知觉,从个体认知到社会性知觉,从个体间的交互过程到代际间的文化适应过程,生成的核心理念——生命和认知的深刻连续性得以贯彻其中。
[Abstract]:Humans are cognitive problems for thousands of years, the problem of perception is occupy a special position, it has communicated "physical domain and psychological domain. Based on the above philosophy, cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience and other disciplines, according to the limitations and difficulties of traditional cognitive theory, attempts to explore the formation of cognitive approach the concept of perception, so as to further reveal the nature of cognition. Cognition is the core of the traditional" mechanical metaphor ", that perception is a process of information processing and a neural process, which is a continuation of Cartesian dualism of the ontology, the methodology followed the form of western modern scientific theory, mechanical the traditional theory and research orientation of individualism in scientific practice eventually fell into the perception of the objective reality world reflects the perception of" non sufficiency decision ", direct perception and The debate perception problems. Traditional cognitive theory cannot solve the gap between the physical domain and psychological domain, but fall into a new representation and perceptual experience between "heart" and "heart" of the logical gap. Embodied cognition in opposition to "mechanical metaphor" taken on the road the first step is, however, it does not serve as a research paradigm in the strict sense. Generation of cognitive approach is the new direction and real solutions it not only gives the "heart", while providing a compatible cognitive psychology, neuroscience, biology and philosophy, the core concept of multidisciplinary platform and cohesion the field of cognitive science. The core generating route is the continuity of life and advocate the profound cognition, and advocated the study of cognition on this continuum. It is established in the autonomous body, emergence, meaning construction, and experience The core concepts, cognitive means, autonomous actors in order to produce and maintain their own, based on the positive significance of construction activity, their "meaning world" and produce the cognitive theory. The first is about the perception theory, generating route is not from the "input output" relationship, but starting from autonomous actors, explore the perception in the perception of motion in dynamic loop. Research on the problem of perception helps us to test the effectiveness of generating theory of knowledge. The visual perception has a "non full" problem, namely the retinal imaging does not determine the perception of the content of the final perception system. Generation of perception, perception of the content itself is not always detailed and complete, awareness of those "get absent" the perceptual experience depends on their own according to the perceived motion way and environment to play The way of Tao. In solving the direct and indirect issue of perception, perception that their generation problem is wrongly perceived provisions instead of internal or external, internal perception, neither, nor external, but as a whole system with a wide range of external contexts "relationship of domains". The color of the discussion, generating route does not agree with the color reduction of neural processes of subjectivism and psychological experience of pure, does not agree with the objectivism attributed it to the qualitative object. The color follows its own logic, it is embodied and generated, it exists in the area of physical and psychological areas, cognitive and cultural exchange point. Individual perception is a compressed version of the social consciousness, we must study the cognitive process of real, must be placed in the specific social, historical and cultural context. From the perspective of social cognitive generation, the Quality is the autonomous social individual to survive and continue their life, rooted in the social interaction of the members based on a shared meaning construction. At the same time, natural selection need to be re understanding, cognitive evolution cannot be equated with biological evolution, culture is not embedded in the cognitive module, which not only affects our perception neural development and behavior, but also by our cognitive remodeling, every one is by the subject of acculturation. We're finally able to use a unified interpretation of language perception, from individual cognition to social perception, from the interaction between individuals to intergenerational cultural adaptation process, profound continuity of core concept formation: life and cognition can be carried out.

【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：B842.2

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