性别与性别角色对非情绪新异刺激的易感性及神经机制

发布时间：2018-03-10 05:32

本文选题：性别　切入点：性别角色　出处：《西南大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：人类为能在快速变化的环境中得以生存,必须具备迅速感知新异刺激的能力,这是生物体最重要的本能之一。由于新异刺激具有与环境背景偏离,突然发生不可预期,且发生概率低等特征,使得大脑对新异性事件有着认知加工偏向。人类的情绪感受性存在显著的个体间差异,虽然已有研究表明女性相比男性对新异刺激具有更高的情绪易感性,这可以确保她们在危险环境中能够快速而有效的做出反应,有着至关重要的生存意义。但是生理性别不同于性别角色,人类的发展过程有着社会文化的显著影响,社会环境因素对塑造及强化学习者的性别角色有重要作用,因此在考察生理性别对新异刺激的易感性时不能够忽略性别角色在其中的作用。不过目前尚无研究直接探索新异刺激和性别角色以及生理性别三者间的关系,以及它们是如何相互影响。所以有必要采用新异性刺激范式来考察新异性加工过程的性别角色效应,及其与生理性别的关系。实验一采用刘电芝编制的《大学生性别角色量表》(CSRI-50)为测量工具,探讨当代大学生的性别角色分布状况,共发放437份问卷。统计结果显示,性别角色类型比例由高到低依次为双性化、单性化、未分化。而且男性男性化比例高于女性男性化的比例,而女性女性化比例远高于男性女性化的比例,证明传统的性别角色观念依然在大学生的性别角色认识中起着关键作用。此外,双性化在样本中所占比例最高,双性化人格特质因其兼具男女两性人格的优点和长处,所以也进一步表明大学生的性别角色在不断发展优化。但是最差的未分化在总样本中所占的较大比例应该值得予以注意与警惕。实验二,与实验一一样通过刘电芝编制的《大学生性别角色量表》(CSRI-50)筛选出64名在校大学生作为有偿被试,其中女性的男性化女性化被试各16名,男性的男性化女性化被试也是各16名。采用oddball范式,实验要求被试尽快的对目标刺激按键反应,而标准刺激以及新异刺激不需反应,三类刺激随机呈现。采用重复测量方差分析方法,被试内因素为刺激类型(2水平：标准刺激,新异刺激)及电极点(15个电极点)；被试间因素为生理性别(女性,男性)与性别角色(女性化,男性化)。实验图片皆是来自中国情绪图片系统库(CAPS)的无情绪中性图片,同时采用高时间分辨率的ERP技术来对视觉新异刺激加工的性别角色效应进行探索。行为数据结果显示,性别角色中女性化被试对目标刺激的反应时均显著长于男性化,男性男性化比男性女性化反应时要短,而且女性男性化对目标刺激的反应时显著长于男性男性化。ERP数据结果显示,在额叶区和中央区位置存在显著的N1波,并且发现电极点*刺激类型*生理性别显著的交互作用,以及生理性别和性别角色显著的交互作用。对P2波的分析发现女性相比于男性诱发更偏正的波形,表明女性比男性会分配更多的注意资源来对偏差刺激进行加工。而且电极点*刺激类型*性别角色交互作用显著,男性化比女性化被试有着更大的新异-标准差异波,此外生理性别和性别角色的交互作用显著。对P3波分析发现在顶叶区域存在显著的电极点*刺激类型*性别角色的交互作用,男性化被试在这个阶段表现出比女性化更大的正波,且生理性别和性别角色的交互作用也同样显著。总的来说,研究发现不同性别角色对新异性事件的认知加工方式有所不同,男性化相比于女性化对新异性刺激具有更高的易感性,表现为其会分配更多的注意和认知资源对新异性刺激进行加工。此外,在N1波、P2波、P3波均检测到显著的生理性别和性别角色的交互作用,意味着生理性别和性别角色共同影响着个体对非情绪新异刺激的易感性,这些均符合实验预期。所以,以后考察新异性认知加工时需要考虑个体间差异的影响,不同性别角色对新异刺激有不一样的情绪感受性和易感性。
[Abstract]:Human can survive in the rapidly changing environment, must have the ability to quickly perceive the novelty, which is one of the most important biological instinct. The novel stimulus has deviated from the environmental background, the sudden unexpected, and the occurrence characteristics of low probability, the brain has a cognitive processing bias for specific events. There are new significant differences between individual emotions of human beings, although studies have shown that women than men with higher susceptibility to emotion to novel stimuli, which can ensure that they can quickly and effectively respond in dangerous environment, has a vital meaning of survival. But sex is different from gender roles, have a significant impact the social culture of human development, gender roles, social environmental factors on shaping and strengthening the learner has an important role in the study of new sex so Different susceptibility when the stimulus can not ignore the gender roles in the role. But there is no direct research to explore the relationship between the novel stimulus and gender roles and sex between the three, and how they affect each other. So it is necessary to use a new paradigm to test specific sex role effects observe the new specific processing process, and the relationship between and sex.
The Liu Dianzhi compiled "sex role inventory" (CSRI-50) as a measurement tool to investigate the distribution of gender roles of contemporary college students, a total of 437 questionnaires. The statistical results showed that the proportion of sex role types from high to low is androgynous, unisexual, undifferentiated and male proportion. The proportion of male is higher than female, female female is much higher than the proportion of male female ratio, proof of concept of traditional gender roles are still in college students' sex role knowledge plays a key role. In addition, androgyny has the highest proportion in the sample, androgyny because both male and female personality and advantages so the strengths, further show that college students' sex role in the development of optimization. But the worst undifferentiated larger proportion in the total sample should be worthy of attention and vigilance.
Experiment two and experiment, one by students Liu Dianzhi < sex role scale > (CSRI-50) and selected 64 college students as paid subjects, including male of female female participants each 16, male female male subjects was 16. Using the oddball paradigm, experiment participants were asked to target stimulus responses as soon as possible, while the standard stimulus and without extraneous stimulus response, three types of stimuli were presented. By using the method of variance of repeated measurement, within subjects factors for stimulus type (2 levels: standard stimulus, novel stimuli) and electrode (15 electrode) between subjects; the factors for sex (female and male) and gender (feminine, masculine). The pictures are from the Chinese emotional picture system library (CAPS) ruthless mood neutral pictures, ERP technology with high time resolution to stimulate the visual novel and To explore the effect of gender roles. Behavioral data showed that female gender roles in the subject on the target stimuli were significantly longer than that of male, male, male and female ratio of the reaction should be short, and women of target stimuli were significantly longer than male male.ERP data showed that in the frontal and central areas where there is a significant N1 wave, and found the interaction point * * electrode stimulation type sex significantly, and sex and sex role significant interactions. The analysis of P2 wave found women compared to men by the partial positive waveform shows that women will allocate more attentional resources to the processing of the deviant stimuli than men. But the electric pole * * stimulus type sex role significant interaction, masculine than female subjects with different standards - the greater the difference wave, in addition The interaction of sex and sex role is significant. The P3 wave analysis found in the interaction between the electrode point * significantly stimulate the sex role types * parietal areas, male subjects showed greater than female positive wave at this stage, and the interaction of sex and gender roles is also significant.
In general, the study found that different gender roles of specific events of cognitive processing of different men compared to women with higher susceptibility to new specific stimuli, as it will allocate more attention and cognitive resources for new specific stimulus. In addition, the N1 wave, P2 wave, P3 waves were detected significant interaction between sex and gender roles, means that sex and gender roles affect individual susceptibility to non emotional novel stimuli, which were consistent with the experimental expectations. So, after investigating new specific cognitive processing needs to be considered when the individual differences, different gender roles are not the same as emotional sensitivity and susceptibility to novel stimuli.

【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B842

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