不同任务条件下冲突适应效应的年龄差异

发布时间：2018-03-16 07:37

本文选题：Simon冲突　切入点：Flanker冲突　出处：《陕西师范大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：当面临冲突情境时,个体可以通过灵活地调节其执行控制功能来解决冲突。大量研究表明,信息加工的认知控制程度会基于任务监控机制的信息而不断做出调整。认知控制在行为上的表现集中在冲突适应效应上,该效应是指不一致试次之后的不一致试次的反应时要快于一致试次之后的不一致试次的反应时,即经历过冲突之后,有助于下次冲突的解决,表现出对冲突的“适应”或“学习”。这一冲突调节过程涉及到前额叶脑区,包括冲突监测和冲突控制两个过程。以往的研究表明认知老化会引起大脑的某些结构和功能上的变化,在干扰任务中表现为老化导致的抑制能力缺陷会降低老年人在竞争性刺激信息间冲突的解决能力,表现出比青年人要差的任务成绩。而冲突适应效应不仅能反映个体监测冲突的能力还能反映个体依据冲突情境进行自上而下的认知控制的调节能力。本研究的目的是要考察老年人是否具有冲突适应能力、认知老化对冲突适应效应的影响、以及比较不同难度任务条件下冲突适应能力随着认知老化所表现出的发展变化。本研究拟从个体的行为水平入手,共采用两个严格控制的行为实验,对上述问题进行深入探讨。实验一选取了有效本科生被试28名、老年人被试30名,采用单一冲突的经典Flanker任务,考察了老年人和青年人的干扰效应和冲突适应效应。实验二选取了有效的本科生被试27名,老年人被试25名,采用Simon冲突和Flanker冲突相整合的任务范式,探讨在任务难度加大、冲突强度增加的情况下,老年人的冲突适应能力是否发生变化,与青年组表现不同。结果显示,不论是单一冲突任务还是多重冲突任务下,老年组的反应时显著大于青年组,且老年组的干扰效应都显著大于青年组的干扰效应。此外,实验一中,老年人的冲突适应效应显著,表现出与青年组同等程度的冲突适应能力。而在实验二中,青年组的冲突适应效应仍然显著,而老年组的冲突适应效应不显著,此时的冲突适应能力表现出年龄差异。按照以上的实验结果可以得出下面几点结论：第一,个体在冲突任务中的反应快慢和干扰效应受认知老化的影响：两种任务下,老年人的反应时和干扰效应量均显著大于青年组,说明老年人更易受到无关信息的干扰或与任务无关的反应选择的影响,其自上而下的抑制能力相比青年人有所减弱。第二,前次试次的冲突一致性会影响当前试次的反应快慢：两个实验中都发现冲突适应效应的存在,表明先前的冲突经验确实会使个体更好地解决随后试次中冲突的解决,个体可以依据当前的冲突水平调节随后的认知控制策略。第三,老化对冲突后认知控制的调节能力产生影响：单一冲突的Flanker任务下,老年组和青年组的冲突适应效应均显著；而Simon和Flanker双重冲突任务下,青年组的冲突适应效应仍达到显著水平,但老年组的冲突适应效应不显著,表明难度不同的冲突任务下,老年人与青年人的冲突适应效应具有不同的表现。这可能说明在难度较低的任务中,老年人通过代偿作用能获得与青年人相同程度的认知资源,克服认知老化引起的抑制缺陷的影响,从而能依据先前试次的冲突经验而对当前试次的冲突控制进行策略性的调整。当冲突增强时,任务难度增加,此时对冲突调控所需的认知资源已经超出老化大脑最大的代偿潜能,使得老年人不能像青年人那样进行同等程度的试次间认知控制。
[Abstract]:When faced with conflict situations, individuals can flexibly adjust the executive control function to resolve the conflict. A large number of studies show that the degree of information processing, cognitive control task monitoring mechanism based on information is adjusted continuously. Cognitive control in behavior focused on the conflict adaptation effect, the effect is faster than the same trial after trial of the inconsistent response to inconsistent trial after trial inconsistent response, after experienced the conflict, it is helpful to solve the next conflict, showing the conflict of "adaptation" or "learning". This conflict regulation process involves prefrontal brain regions. Including conflict detection and conflict control two process.
Previous studies showed that some changes in the structure and function of cognitive aging will cause the brain's performance in the task of aging ability to inhibit interference caused by the defect of the elderly will reduce the ability to compete in the stimulation of the conflict between information, performance than young people to poor task performance. But the conflict adaptation effect can not only reflect the the individual monitoring conflict but also the ability to reflect the individual on the basis of the conflict situation of top-down cognitive control ability. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the elderly has the ability to adapt to the conflict, cognitive conflict adaptation to aging effects, and compare different difficult task under the conditions of conflict adaptation with the change and development of cognitive aging show.
This study intends to start from the individual level, using a total of two strictly control the behavior experiment, in-depth discussion on these issues. The first experiment is effective for undergraduates of 28 subjects, aged 30 subjects, using a single conflict of the classic Flanker task, investigated the interference effect and conflict between the elderly and young people the adaptation effect. Experiment two selects effective undergraduates of 27 subjects, aged 25 subjects, using Simon and Flanker conflict integration task paradigm, to increase in the difficulty of the task, the intensity of the conflict increased, conflicts of older people's ability to adapt is changed, different with the young group.
The results showed that either single or multiple conflict task conflict task, elderly group response time was significantly higher than that in young group, and the interference effect of interference effect of the elderly group were significantly higher than the young group. In addition, in experiment, the elderly conflict adaptation effect significantly, conflicts with the young group the same degree of adaptability in the second experiment, the youth group conflict adaptation effect is still significant, and the elderly group conflict adaptation effect is not significant, the conflict adaptation ability showed differences in age.
According to the experimental results above, we can draw the following conclusions:
First, the reaction speed and the interference effect of the individual in conflict tasks affected by cognitive aging: two kinds of tasks, the elderly and the reaction time and amount of interference effects were significantly higher than the young group, shows the influence of elderly people are more susceptible to interference from irrelevant information or task irrelevant responses, the top-down inhibition ability compared to young people weakened. Second, the previous time consistency test conflicts will affect the current test time: the reaction speed of two experiments are found in the conflict adaptation effect, suggesting that the conflict will make the individual previous experience does better solve the conflict in time then try to solve the conflict, according to the current level of individual adjustment then the cognitive control strategy. Third, the aging effect on post conflict cognitive control ability: single Flanker task conflict, conflict between elderly group and youth group to effect Should be significantly; while the Simon and Flanker dual task conflict, conflict adaptation effect still young group reached significant level, but the conflict of elderly group adaptation effect is not significant, showed that the difficulty of different conflict task conflict, the elderly and young people to adapt to the effect with different performance. This may indicate a lower degree of difficulty in in the task, the elderly can obtain the same degree of cognitive resources and young people through the compensatory effect, to overcome the effects of cognitive aging inhibition caused by defects, and according to the previous experience and try conflict on the current trial conflict strategies of adjusting control. When the conflict increased, increasing the difficulty of the task, the cognitive the resources required for conflict management has gone beyond the aging brain the biggest potential compensation, making the elderly can not proceed like young people the same degree of trial between cognitive control.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B842

【参考文献】