任务转换影响小学儿童算术策略运用的年龄相关差异

发布时间：2018-05-09 12:23

  本文选题：任务转换 + 选择/无选法　； 参考：《山东师范大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：策略运用水平是认知灵活性的重要标志。近年来,算术策略运用逐渐成为数学认知发展研究的热点。大量研究聚焦于儿童加减法的策略运用能力,结果显示儿童和成人一样,都能够根据任务特征和所掌握的不同策略灵活运用多种策略解决算术任务。Miyake等人使用潜变量分析技术区分了抑制控制、转换和刷新三种执行功能,自此越来越多的研究者开始对中央执行功能成分对策略运用的影响感兴趣。任务转换作为中央执行功能的重要方面,也是人类认知加工的基本现象,其对算术策略运用的影响有待进行深入研究。采用选择/无选法,前人研究发现儿童的心算和估算策略选择能力均随年龄增长而增强。因此考察不同年龄组儿童在不同转换条件下完成算术任务的具体策略运用表现,有助于进一步揭示任务转换影响算术策略运用行为的年龄相关模式。本研究采用选择/无选法,在无转换基础上,通过设置数值大小比较和颜色深浅比较两种转换条件,构成三种任务情境,结合两种算术计算任务(加法心算和估算),探讨了任务转换对不同年级组小学儿童算术策略运用的潜在影响,揭示了任务转换影响算术策略运用行为的年龄相关差异。主要结果如下:(1)随着年龄增长,儿童算术策略运用的总体表现呈上升趋势,六年级优于四年级,四年级优于二年级。(2)任务转换影响小学儿童的心算策略分布,但不影响估算策略分布。(3)任务转换影响小学儿童的心算策略执行,且这种影响存在年龄差异。个体在无转换条件下策略执行的表现优于有转换条件,两种转换条件下的表现无差异。在策略执行的反应时上,三种情境下均表现为六年级策略执行速度最快,其次是四年级,最后是二年级。但在正确率上,无转换条件下,三个年级组被试间没有明显差异,有转换条件下,二年级儿童心算策略执行的正确率显著低于四、六年级,四、六年级之间无显著差异。(4)任务转换影响小学儿童的估算策略执行,且这种影响存在年龄差异。个体在无转换条件下策略执行的表现优于有转换条件,数值大小比较条件下个体策略执行的反应时慢于颜色深浅比较条件,在正确率上却优于颜色深浅比较。年龄差异上,不同转换条件下,三个年级组之间估算策略执行的速度随年龄增长而提高,六年级策略执行的正确率显著高于二、四年级,二、四年级之间无明显差异。(5)心算任务中,任务转换影响个体执行全部分解策略的反应时,有转换条件下策略执行的反应时显著高于无转换条件;任务转换影响个体执行部分分解策略的正确率,无转换条件下策略执行的正确率显著高于颜色深浅比较条件,但与数值大小比较条件下的正确率无明显差异。(6)估算任务中,三种不同情境下,个体执行上调策略的速度均慢于下调策略;无转换条件下,个体执行两种策略的正确率彼此相当,而在转换条件下,个体执行下调策略的正确率显著高于上调策略。此外,任务转换对不同策略间策略执行的影响还存在年龄差异。在无转换条件下,六年级组被试执行两种策略的正确率均优于二年级,四、六年级无差异;颜色深浅比较条件下,六年级被试执行两种策略的正确率显著优于二、四年级,二、四年级无差异;而在数值大小比较条件下,年级差异只出现在执行上调策略时,表现为六年级策略执行的正确率显著优于四年级,四年级优于二年级。(7)任务转换影响个体心算策略选择的反应时,有选条件下个体进行策略选择的反应时显著高于无选条件,且这种影响存在年龄差异,二年级组在数值大小比较条件下完成心算任务的反应时显著高于无转换条件,四、六年级在有无转换条件下完成心算任务的反应时没有明显差别。(8)任务转换影响个体心算策略选择的正确率,在无转换条件下进行心算策略选择的正确率显著高于颜色深浅比较条件,但与数值大小比较条件下的表现没有显著差异。其影响无年龄差异。(9)任务转换影响个体估算策略选择的反应时和正确率,不存在明显的年龄差异。(10)不同年级组被试心算和估算策略选择适应性不会随任务转换发生变化。
[Abstract]:The application level of strategy is an important symbol of cognitive flexibility. In recent years, the application of arithmetic strategy has gradually become a hot spot in the research of mathematical cognitive development. A lot of studies focus on the ability of strategy application in children's addition and subtraction. The results show that children and adults, like adults, can use various strategies flexibly according to the characteristics of the task and the different strategies they have mastered. .Miyake and others use the technique of latent variable analysis to distinguish control, transform and refresh three kinds of executive functions. Since then, more and more researchers are interested in the effect of the central executive functional components on the application of the strategy. It is necessary to study the influence of the arithmetic strategy on the use of the selection / no selection method. The previous study found that the ability of the children's mental calculation and the selection of the estimation strategy increased with the age. Therefore, it is helpful to explore the physical strategy application of the children in different age groups to complete the arithmetic task under different conversion conditions. The task conversion affects the age related model of the arithmetic strategy using behavior. In this study, two kinds of task situations are made up of three kinds of task situations by setting the comparison of numerical size and color depth on the basis of no conversion, and combining the two kinds of arithmetic tasks (addition mental arithmetic and estimation) on the basis of no conversion. The potential impact of the arithmetic strategies of primary school children in grade group revealed the age related differences in the effect of task switching on the use of arithmetic strategies. The main results are as follows: (1) as the age increases, the overall performance of children's arithmetic strategies is on the rise, grade six is better than grade four, and grade four is better than grade two. (2) task conversion has little influence. The distribution of mental arithmetic strategies of children does not affect the distribution of estimation strategies. (3) task conversion affects the implementation of mental arithmetic strategy of primary school children, and there is a difference of age. The performance of strategy execution under the condition of non conversion is better than that of the conversion condition, and there is no difference in the performance under the two conversion conditions. In the reaction time of the strategy execution, three kinds In the situation, the strategy execution speed was the fastest in grade six, followed by grade four and finally in grade two. But on the correct rate, there was no significant difference between the three grade groups under the condition of no conversion. Under the condition of conversion, the correct rate of the implementation of mental arithmetic in two grade children was lower than four, and there was no significant difference between grade six, four, six grade. (4) the task conversion affects the implementation of primary school children's estimation strategy, and the effect exists in the age difference. The performance of the individual strategy execution under the condition of no conversion is better than that of the conversion condition. The response of individual strategy execution is slower than the color depth comparison condition under the condition of numerical size comparison, but in the correct rate it is better than the color depth comparison. Under different conversion conditions, the speed of the implementation of the estimated strategy between the three grades increased with age, and the correct rate of strategy execution in grade six was significantly higher than two, and there was no significant difference between grade four, two and four. (5) in the task of mental arithmetic, the task conversion affected the response of the body to carry out all the decomposition strategies. The response of a slightly executed response is significantly higher than the non conversion condition; the task conversion affects the correct rate of the individual implementation of the partial decomposition strategy. The correct rate of the strategy execution under the condition of non conversion is significantly higher than the color depth comparison condition, but there is no obvious difference in the correct rate under the condition of comparison with the value. (6) in the three different situations, the individual is in the estimation task. The speed of implementing the up-regulated strategy is slower than the downregulation strategy; under the condition of non conversion, the correct rate of the two strategies is equal to each other, while under the condition of conversion, the correct rate of the individual execution downregulation strategy is significantly higher than that of the up-regulated strategy. In the grade six group, the correct rate of the two strategies was better than grade two, four and six. Under the condition of color comparison, the correct rate of the two strategies performed in grade six was significantly better than two, four grade, two, four grade, while the grade difference appeared only when the value and size ratio was up to the up-regulation strategy. The correct rate of strategy execution in grade six is obviously better than grade four and grade four is superior to grade two. (7) when task conversion affects the response of individual mental arithmetic, the response of individual to strategy selection is significantly higher than that of non selection conditions, and this effect has a year old difference, and the two grade group is finished under the condition of numerical comparison. The response of adult mental arithmetic task was significantly higher than that of non conversion condition. There was no significant difference between grade four and grade six when there were no conversion conditions to complete the task of mental arithmetic. (8) task conversion affects the correct rate of the choice of individual mental arithmetic, and the correct rate of the choice of mental arithmetic under the condition of no conversion is significantly higher than that of the color depth comparison condition, but it is better than the color depth condition. There is no significant difference in the performance under the comparison of numerical values. (9) there is no obvious age difference in the response time and the correct rate of the task conversion affecting the individual estimation strategy selection. (10) the adaptability of the subjects in the different grade groups will not change with the task conversion.

【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：B842
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本文编号：1866002