权力感对认知控制的影响

发布时间：2018-05-23 19:12

本文选题：高权力感 + 低权力感　；参考：《曲阜师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：权力是日常社会生活的一个基本方面,是社会交往的基本要素。人际关系中对权力的关注是普遍的,这出现在工作场所的同事、邻居、朋友、家庭成员甚至是浪漫伴侣中。权力对个体产生深远的影响。例如,拥有权力使个体体验到较多积极和较少消极的情绪,以更为坚定而自信的方式探讨世界,具有更高的自尊水平,身体更健康以及长寿。Anderson等人将个体的权力感界定为一个个体对另一个体或其他个体产生影响的能力感知。个人的权力感作为一个心理变量与期望信念或已有研究验证的关系的认知模型类似。除了知觉概念外,目标更可能与权力感相关。这意味着启动权力感会反过来激活相关的目标,产生目标导向反应。一些理论认为权力感通过强化认知控制来实施目标导向行为。与之相对比,其他的理论认为高权力感更依赖于自动化加工而低权力感与更强的控制相关。本研究中,我们验证这些观点以阐明高权力感和低权力感影响目标导向行为的机制。认知控制的研究范式有反应冲突任务范式和转换任务范式等,因此本文采用Flanker范式和任务转换范式探讨权力感对认知控制的影响机制。实验一采用2(权力感水平:高权力感和低权力感)×2(一致性水平:一致和不一致)的混合实验设计,采用词语搜索任务启动方法,检验权力感是通过强化控制性加工还是减弱自动化加工来促进反应冲突任务中的行为表现。实验二的启动方法和实验程序与实验一一致,不同的是使用事件相关电位(ERP)技术检验权力感对控制产生影响,是通过强化冲突敏感性还是行为执行实现的。实验三采用2(权力感水平:高权力感和低权力感)×2(转换条件:保持和分心)的混合实验设计,检验不同权力感对认知灵活性所产生的影响。实验一,根据重复测量的方差分析结果发现Flanker效应显著。进一步多重比较,一致条件下比不一致条件下的反应时更快,正确率更高。实验二,根据重复测量的方差分析结果,N2水平上,权力感和一致性条件交互作用显著。高权力感水平,不一致条件下的N2值显著大于一致条件下的N2值。实验三,根据重复测量的方差分析结果,发现权力感和认知灵活性的交互作用显著。在保持条件下,高权力感被试的转换成本更低,认知灵活性更高;低权力感被试的转换成本更高,认知稳定性更高。根据研究结果,得出如下结论:权力感影响了认知控制。(1)高权力感的自我控制水平更高,更能够促进目标导向行为;低权力感的自我控制水平较低;(2)高权力感的任务转换速度更快,具有更高的认知灵活性水平;低权力感的任务转换速度较慢,在追求目标的过程中不够灵活,具有较高的认知稳定性。情境聚焦理论认为,高权力感让个体更加关注与目标相关的信息,做出与目标一致的行为,研究为该理论提供了实证支持。
[Abstract]:Power is a basic aspect of daily social life and a basic element of social communication. Attention to power is common in relationships, where colleagues, neighbors, friends, family members and even romantic partners in the workplace. Power has a profound influence on individuals. For example, having the power to experience more positive and less negative emotions, to explore the world in a more determined and confident manner, and to have a higher level of self-esteem, Health and longevity. Anderson and others define an individual's sense of power as the ability of an individual to influence another or other individuals. As a psychological variable, the individual's sense of power is similar to the cognitive model of the relationship between expectation, belief or research. In addition to perceptual concepts, goals are more likely to be associated with a sense of power. This means that starting a sense of power in turn activates the relevant goal and produces a goal-oriented response. Some theories suggest that power sense implements goal-oriented behavior by strengthening cognitive control. By contrast, other theories suggest that high power is more dependent on automation and low power is associated with stronger control. In this study, we verify these views to illustrate the mechanisms by which high and low sense of power influence goal-oriented behavior. The research paradigms of cognitive control include the reactive conflict task paradigm and the transition task paradigm. Therefore, this paper uses the Flanker paradigm and the task transition paradigm to explore the influence mechanism of the sense of power on cognitive control. In experiment 1, a mixed experiment design of 2 (power level: high and low power sense) 脳 2 (consistency level: consistency and inconsistency) was adopted, and word search task initiation method was used. To test whether the sense of power promotes behavior in response to conflict by strengthening controlled processing or reducing automation. The startup method and procedure of experiment 2 are consistent with that of experiment 1. The difference is that the use of event-related potential (ERP) technique is used to test the influence of power sense on control, whether it is achieved by enhancing conflict sensitivity or behavior execution. The third experiment was designed as a hybrid experiment of 2 (level of power sense: high and low power sense) 脳 2 (conversion condition: maintenance and distraction) to test the influence of different power sense on cognitive flexibility. In experiment 1, the Flanker effect was found to be significant according to the ANOVA of repeated measurements. Further multiple comparisons show that the reaction time under consistent conditions is faster and the accuracy is higher than that under inconsistent conditions. In experiment 2, according to the ANOVA results of repeated measurements, the interaction between power and consistency conditions was significant at N2 level. The N _ 2 value under the condition of high power sensitivity was significantly higher than that under the consistent condition. In the third experiment, according to the variance analysis of repeated measurement, we found that the interaction between power sense and cognitive flexibility was significant. Under the condition of maintenance, the transition cost and cognitive flexibility of the subjects with high sense of power are lower and the conversion costs of the subjects with low sense of power are higher, and the cognitive stability is higher than that of the subjects with low sense of power. According to the results of the study, the following conclusions can be drawn: the sense of power affects cognitive control. 1) the self-control level of high sense of power is higher, and it can promote goal-oriented behavior more; The task conversion speed of high power sense is faster and has higher cognitive flexibility level, the task transition speed of low power sense is slower than that of low power sense task, in the process of pursuing the goal, it is not flexible enough. It has high cognitive stability. According to situational focus theory, high sense of power makes individuals pay more attention to goal-related information and make goal-consistent behavior, which provides empirical support for this theory.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B842

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