回忆“过去自我”与想象“未来自我”对跨期选择的影响及其认知机制

发布时间：2018-05-30 21:05

本文选题：跨期选择 + 过去自我　；参考：《西南大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：跨期选择(intertemporal choice)是指人们对发生在不同时间点的得失进行权衡进而做出各种判断和选择(Frederick,Loewenstein,O'donoghue,2002)。通常,与当前或近期的获益(或损失)相比,人们常常给予未来获益(或损失)更小的权重(ScholtenRead,2010),这一现象被称为时间折扣(time discounting)。大量研究发现,跨期选择与个人的健康幸福,甚至国家的富强都息息相关,因此具有重要的研究意义。近年来,“自我”建构与跨期选择的关系研究逐渐成为热点。已有研究表明,个体的未来自我连续性越强,在跨期选择中表现得越有耐心(D.M.BartelsRips,2010),并且通过增加与“未来自我”的连续性,能够降低个体的时间折扣率(Hal e.Hershfield,2011;Daniel,Stanton,Epstein,2013)。然而,以往的研究只采用了观看“未来自我”的头像、想象与“未来自我”相关的事件等方法考察“未来自我”对跨期选择的影响,却忽略了回忆“过去自我”的作用,更没有研究其对跨期选择的影响的认知机制。“自我”由过去发展到现在,再到未来,过去与未来的“自我”都对当前行为产生影响。因此,深入研究回忆和想象“自我”对跨期选择的影响及认知机制具有重要的科学价值和实践意义。有研究发现,回忆“过去自我”可以提高个体的自我连续性,增加自我控制能力,并有助于其当下或未来的决策(Bluck,Alea,Habermas,Rubin,2005;BluckAlea,2009),而想象“未来自我”有助于增加未来自我连续性,增强自我控制能力和为未来谋划的动机(AtanceO'Neill,2001;Ouellette,Hessling,Gibbons,Reis-Bergan,Gerrard,2005)。因此,研究一将以探讨回忆“过去自我”和想象“未来自我”对跨期选择的影响。研究二将在研究一的基础上加入价值评估任务,进一步考察回忆“过去自我”和想象“未来自我”对跨期选择影响的认知机制。研究一考察回忆“过去自我”和想象“未来自我”对跨期选择是否及如何产生影响。首先,测量被试的未来时间洞察力;由于人们习惯用感性——理性对个体做评价(O'Brien,2015),因此,而后诱发其回忆“过去感性自我”、回忆“过去理性自我”、想象“未来感性自我”、想象“未来理性自我”,再完成跨期选择任务。为排除“过去”和“未来”的时间线索对跨期选择的影响,本研究设置了控制组,即回忆“过去他人”和想象“未来他人”。结果发现:(1)回忆过去感性和理性自我,以及想象未来感性和理性自我都能降低个体的时间折扣率,增加未来自我连续性,并且未来自我连续性的增加程度与时间折扣率的降低程度呈显著的正相关;而回忆“过去他人”和想象“未来他人”并不影响个体的未来自我连续性和时间折扣率;(2)回忆“过去自我”和想象“未来自我”后,未来时间洞察力得分与未来自我连续性的增加值、时间折扣率的降低值都呈显著的正相关;(3)中介分析表明,未来自我连续性在未来时间洞察力和时间折扣之间起到部分中介效应。研究二主要关注回忆“过去自我”和想象“未来自我”对跨期选择影响的认知机制,即是影响跨期选择的价值评估还是自我控制过程。首先,测量被试的未来时间洞察力,接着诱发其回忆“过去感性自我”、回忆“过去理性自我”、想象“未来感性自我”、想象“未来理性自我”,而后完成跨期选择任务,最后完成价值评估任务。结果表明:(1)回忆“过去自我”和想象“未来自我”都能降低个体的时间折扣率;(2)回忆“过去自我”和想象“未来自我”都能显著提高个体对延迟奖赏的价值评估,且各条件下价值评估的增加程度与时间折扣的降低程度都呈显著正相关;(3)回忆“过去自我”和想象“未来自我”都能显著增加个体的自我控制能力,且各条件下自我控制能力的提升程度与时间折扣的降低程度呈显著正相关。总体而言,研究发现:(1)回忆“过去自我”和想象“未来自我”都能显著降低个体的时间折扣率;(2)未来时间洞察力越高的个体,在回忆“过去自我”和想象“未来自我”后,未来自我连续性增强越明显,并促使时间折扣率降低越明显;(3)回忆“过去自我”和想象“未来自我”都是通过提高对延迟奖赏的价值评估和增加自我控制能力来降低时间折扣率。本研究将“自我”从过去到未来的发展特点与跨期选择相结合,探讨了回忆“过去自我”和想象“未来自我”对跨期选择的影响及其认知机制,揭示了“自我”发展的内在动力对跨期选择的影响,拓宽了跨期选择领域的研究范围,为跨期选择的理论研究和行为训练提供了科学依据。
[Abstract]:Cross term selection (intertemporal choice) means that people weigh and choose the gains and losses at different points of time and make various judgments and choices (Frederick, Loewenstein, O'donoghue, 2002). Generally, people often give future benefit (or loss) a smaller weight (ScholtenRead, 2010), compared with current or recent benefits (or losses). One phenomenon is called time discounting. A large number of studies have found that cross term selection is closely related to the health and happiness of individuals and even the rich and strong of the country. Therefore, it has important research significance. In recent years, the study of the relationship between "self" construction and the cross term selection has gradually become a hot spot. The stronger the sex, the more patient (D.M.BartelsRips, 2010) in the cross term choice, and by increasing the continuity of "future self", it can reduce the individual's time discount rate (Hal e.Hershfield, 2011; Daniel, Stanton, Epstein, 2013). However, the previous study only adopted the image of "future self", imagination and "the future". Self "related events and other methods examine the influence of" future self "on intertemporal choice, but ignore the role of recalling" past self ", and not study the cognitive mechanism of its impact on intertemporal choice." self "has been developed from the past to the present, and then to the future, and the past and future" self "have an impact on the current behavior. Therefore, it is of great scientific and practical significance to study the impact of "self" on the cross term selection and the cognitive mechanism. It is found that recalling "past self" can improve the self continuity of the individual, increase the ability of self-control, and help to make the decision of the present or future (Bluck, Alea, Habermas, Rubin, 200). 5; BluckAlea, 2009), and imagining "future self" helps to increase future self continuity, enhance self control and motivate future planning (AtanceO'Neill, 2001; Ouellette, Hessling, Gibbons, Reis-Bergan, Gerrard, 2005). Therefore, the study will explore the recall of "past self" and the imagination of "future self" to cross term selection. The study two will add value assessment task on the basis of research one to further examine the cognitive mechanism that recollections the impact of "past self" and imagination "future self" on intertemporal selection. The future time insight of the subjects; because people used to use perceptual - rational to evaluate the individual (O'Brien, 2015), they then evoked memories of "past perceptual self", recalling "past rational self", imagining "future perceptual self", imagining "future rational self" and completing interphase choice tasks. And the effect of "future" time clues on intertemporal selection, this study sets up the control group, namely, recalling "past others" and imagining "future others". The results are as follows: (1) recalling the past perceptual and rational self, and imagining the future perceptual and rational self can reduce the time discount rate of the body, and increase the future self continuity, and There is a significant positive correlation between the degree of future self continuity and the reduction in the rate of time discount, while recalling "past others" and imagining "future others" do not affect the individual's future self continuity and time discount rate; (2) after recalling "past self" and imagination "future self", the future time insight score and failure From the added value of continuity, the reduced value of time discount has a significant positive correlation. (3) the intermediary analysis shows that future self continuity plays a part of mediating effect between future time insight and time discount. Study two mainly focuses on the cognition of the influence of "past self" and imagination "future self" on intertemporal choice. Mechanism, that is, the value assessment of intertemporal selection or the process of self control. First, measure the future time insight of the subjects, then induce it to recall "past perceptual self", recall "past rational self", imagine "future perceptual self", imagine "future rational self", and then complete the task of cross term selection and finish the final completion. The results show that: (1) recalling "past self" and imagining "future self" can reduce the individual's time discount rate; (2) recalling "past self" and "future self" can significantly improve the individual value assessment of delayed reward, and the increase of value assessment and the decrease of time discount under each piece. (3) the memory of "past self" and "future self" can significantly increase the self-control ability of the individual, and the degree of self control ability is significantly positively correlated with the reduction of time discount under various conditions. In general, the study found that (1) recall "past self" and imagination "future self" I "can significantly reduce the rate of time discount for individuals; (2) the more individuals with higher insight in the future, the more obvious the future self continuity increases after the recall of" past self "and the imagination of" future self ", and the more obvious the reduction in the time discount rate; (3) recalling" past self "and imagining" future self "are all through the improvement of the This study combines the characteristics of "ego" from the past to the future to the future, and explores the influence and cognitive mechanism of recalling "past self" and imagination "future self" to cross term selection, and reveals the internal development of "self". The influence of motivation on intertemporal selection broadens the research scope of intertemporal selection, and provides a scientific basis for theoretical research and behavioral training of intertemporal choice.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B842

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