博弈中的亲社会从众行为研究

发布时间：2018-06-03 04:17

本文选题：亲社会行为 + 从众效应　；参考：《西南大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：在人类的文明社会中,对他人友好、互帮互助等亲社会行为是各类社会文化所提倡并且鼓励的。由于心理学家一直对于亲社会行为进行大量的研究,我们也对于亲社会行为有了更多的了解。然而,我们对于“亲社会行为是否会受到从众效应影响”这一问题却所知甚少。为了解答这一问题,本研究一将从众影响因素与个体在经济博弈实验中的亲社会行为结合起来,考察了个体在信任博弈与独裁者博弈中的亲社会行为是否受到从众效应的影响。在研究一验证了亲社会从众行为的存在后,我们进而关注亲社会从众行为中的个体差异。本研究二主要是考察个体的社会价值取向是否会影响其亲社会从众倾向,研究三则主要是考察个体的人际信任水平是否会对其亲社会从众行为有影响。研究一包括实验一与实验二。我们采用功能性磁共振技术,考察个体的信任从众行为的神经机制与利他从众行为的神经机制。实验一的行为数据结果显示,在信任博弈中,个体的行为容易受到他人的影响,表现出信任从众倾向性。功能性磁共振数据结果则说明,与奖赏加工有关的脑区,包括腹内侧前额叶皮层、前扣带回、腹内侧纹状体、扣带区喙部等,都与个体的信任从众行为有关。实验二的行为数据显示,相较于基线水平,被试在利他影响下,被试做出更多的利他行为,即表现出利他从众行为。功能性磁共振数据结果显示,当个体看到团体的利他选择时,前额叶皮层、额下回、额上回、额中回与颞中回显著激活。此外,数据结果显示,优势不平等影响效应与背外侧前额叶皮层、背侧纹状体、额中回及顶下小叶有关。通过相关分析,我们发现背外侧前额叶皮层的神经活动情况可以预测个体在利他分配方案-利己影响实验条件中的从众行为。个体的背外侧前额叶皮层神经活动水平与其在利他分配方案-利己影响条件中的从众行为呈正相关。即背外侧前额叶皮层神经活动越强烈的个体,在优势不平等决策中的从众行为越多。心理生理交互分析结果表明,优势不平等情境下,个体的背侧纹状体与双侧脑岛及补充运动区域的连接性显著增强。劣势不平等影响效应与双侧前额叶皮层、背外侧前额叶皮层、脑岛、扣带区喙部、双侧颞中回、额中回、枕中回以及额下回有关。通过相关分析,我们发现个体的扣带区喙部及脑岛的神经活动情况能够预测个体在劣势不平等情境中的从众行为。这两个脑区的激活水平越高的被试,在劣势不平等情境中的从众行为越少。最后,心理生理交互分析结果显示,在劣势不平等情境下,个体的前额叶皮层与脑岛、前扣带回背部、后扣带回、补充运动区域、额上回、额中回等脑区的连接性显著减弱。通过该研究结果,我们发现,个体存在利他从众行为,但是这一从众行为受到个体的不公平厌恶的影响。并且,利他从众现象的神经机制与社会规范违反十分相似。研究二包括实验三与实验四。我们主要考察个体的亲社会从众行为是否受到其社会价值取向的影响。实验三的行为数据结果显示,相较于亲自我型个体,亲社会型个体在无信息环境中表现出更多的信任行为;在外界信息为不信任时,相较于亲自我型个体,亲社会型个体表现出更多的信任行为。这一结果说明,在不信任影响下,相较于亲自我型个体,亲社会型个体更容易克服从众效应,选择亲社会行为。实验四的行为数据结果显示,当方案类型为利他型时,相较于基线条件,亲社会组在利他影响下做出更多的利他行为,利己影响则对亲社会者的利他行为无显著影响。当方案类型为利己型时,相较于利他影响条件,亲社会者在利己影响条件和基线条件下的利他行为显著减少。然而,利己影响条件与基线条件差异不显著。这些结果说明,亲社会者则是更容易受到他人的利他行为的影响,而不容易他人的受利己行为的影响。研究三包括实验五与实验六。我们主要考察个体的亲社会从众行为是否受到其人际信任水平的影响。实验五的行为数据结果显示,在信任影响条件中,相较于低信任组,高信任组被试更多的选择信任。而在群体成员选择不信任的条件中,相较于低信任组,高信任组被试更多的选择不信任。可见,高人际信任水平个体对于群体成员的决策接受度更高,更倾向于跟从群体成员的选择,表现出的从众倾向性更强。实验六的行为数据结果显示,当决策方案为利他型,社会影响为利他型时,相较于高信任组,低信任组被试更倾向于做出慷慨行为,选择对方获得金钱。我们认为,相比高人际信任水平个体,低人际信任水平个体对社会压力更加敏感,并且处理压力的能力较差,所以他们更容易被卷入群体压力环境中,迫于群体压力而做出利他从众行为。综合以上六个实验,我们发现:在亲社会行为中,人们存在着从众心理倾向。当人们看到其他人做出亲社会行为时,也会倾向于做出亲社会行为,即使这一亲社会行为会损害到自己的利益。通过功能性磁共振技术,我们发现与亲社会从众效应有关的脑区包括纹状体、前额叶皮层、脑岛等。即亲社会从众行为的神经机制与奖励学习及规范违反的神经机制十分相似。我们推测,在信任从众行为中,人们视集体的行为为一个有效的决策信息来源。他们倾向于利用这一有效的决策信息来源帮助自己做出准确的判断。在利他从众行为中,人们视集体行为为一种规范,他们会根据这一规范来调整自己的行为,以达到与团体行为保持一致的目的。此外,通过个体差异研究,我们发现亲社会从众行为也并非一成不变,它会受到个体的社会价值取向及人际信任水平的影响。相较于亲自我价值取向个体,亲社会价值取向个体更容易表现出亲社会从众行为。高人际信任水平个体更倾向于做出信息型从众行为,而低人际信任水平个体则更容易做出规范型从众行为。
[Abstract]:In the civilized society of human beings, friendly, mutual and mutual social behavior is advocated and encouraged by all kinds of social culture. Since psychologists have been doing a lot of research on Pro social behavior, we have more understanding of Pro social behavior. In order to answer this problem, this study, in order to solve this problem, combines the factors of herd influence and the individual's Pro social behavior in the economic game experiment to examine whether the individual's prosocial behavior in the game of trust and dictator is affected by the public effect. After the existence of herd behavior, we further focus on the individual differences in the prosocial behavior. Two of this study is to investigate whether the individual's social value orientation will affect their prosocial herd orientation, and the three study is mainly to investigate whether the individual's interpersonal trust level will have an impact on their prosocial herd behavior. One and experiment two. We use functional magnetic resonance (functional magnetic resonance) technology to examine the neural mechanism of individual's trust and herd behavior and the neural mechanism of altruistic behavior. Experimental data results show that in the trust game, the behavior of individual is easily affected by others, showing the tendency of trust herd. The brain area related to reward processing, including the ventral medial prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate gyrus, the ventral striatum, the buckle zone and the beak, were all related to the individual's trust herd behavior. The behavioral data of experiment two showed that, compared with the baseline level, the subjects made more altruistic behavior under the altruistic influence, that is, the altruistic herd was shown. Behavioral. Functional magnetic resonance data showed that the prefrontal cortex, the lower frontal gyrus, the upper frontal gyrus, and the middle frontal gyrus were significantly activated when the individual saw the group's altruistic selection. In addition, the results showed that the effect of unequal dominance was related to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the dorsal striatum, the middle frontal gyrus and the inferior lobule. We have found that the neural activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex can predict the individual's herd behavior in the altruistic altruistic experimental conditions. The level of the neural activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is positively related to the herd behavior in the altruistic altruistic influence conditions. The more the individuals with the stronger neural activity, the more herd behavior in the dominant unequal decision-making. The results of psychophysiological interaction analysis show that the connectivity of the dorsal striatum and bilateral insula and the supplementary motor area in the individual is significantly enhanced in the predominant unequal situation. The effect of inferior inequality and the bilateral prefrontal cortex, the lateral prefrontal lobe. Cortical, insula, cingulate beak, bilateral temporal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, and inferior frontal gyrus are related. Through correlation analysis, we found that the individual's nerve activity in the Cora and insula can predict the individual's herd behavior in disadvantaged situations. The higher the level of activation in the two brain regions, the inferior is unequal. The less herd behavior in the situation. Finally, the results of psychophysiological interaction analysis show that in the situation of inferior inequality, the connectivity of the individual's prefrontal cortex and the insula, the back of the anterior cingulate gyrus, the posterior cingulate gyrus, the supplementary motor area, the upper frontal gyrus, the middle frontal gyrus, and other brain areas have been significantly weakened. Many acts, but this herd behavior is affected by the unjust disgust of the individual. And the neural mechanism of the altruistic phenomenon is very similar to the violation of social norms. Study two includes experiment three and Experiment four. We mainly examine whether the individual's prosocial herd behavior is influenced by its social value orientation. Experiment three According to the results, compared with self type individuals, prosocial individuals show more trust behavior in the non information environment. When outside information is distrust, the pro social individuals show more trust behavior than Pro self individuals. This result shows that, under the influence of the distrust, it is compared to the pro self type and the Pro society. The behavioral data of Experiment four show that when the scheme type is altruistic, the prosocial group makes more altruistic behavior than the baseline, and the egoism has no significant influence on the prosociable altruism. When compared with the conditions of altruism, the prosociate has a significant reduction in altruistic behavior under the conditions of egoism and the base line. However, the difference between the egoism and the baseline is not significant. These results suggest that the pro socialists are more likely to be affected by the altruistic behavior of others, but not the influence of others' behavior of selfishness. Study three includes experiment five and experiment six. We mainly examine whether the individual's prosocial herd behavior is affected by the level of interpersonal trust. The results of experiment five show that in the condition of trust influence, the high trust group is more chosen to choose trust than the low trust group, but in the condition that the group members choose not to trust, the group members choose the conditions of distrust. Compared with the low trust group, the high trust group was given more choice of distrust. It can be seen that the individuals with high interpersonal trust are more acceptable to the group members, and tend to follow the selection of the group members, and show a greater tendency to follow the crowd. The results of the behavior data of experiment six show that the decision scheme is altruistic and the social influence is altruistic. We believe that individuals with low interpersonal trust are more sensitive to social stress and less ability to deal with stress than individuals with high interpersonal trust, so they are more likely to be involved in group stressful environments, so they are more likely to be involved in the group stress environment. In combination with the above six experiments, we found that in Pro social behavior, people have a tendency to be dependent on the public. When people see other people make prosocial behavior, they also tend to make Pro social behavior, even if this pro social line will damage their own interests. Technology, we found that the brain areas associated with prosocial herd effects include the striatum, prefrontal cortex, and insula. That is, the neural mechanism of prosocial herd behavior is very similar to the neural mechanism of reward learning and normative violation. We speculate that in the behavior of trust herd, the behavior of the collective is regarded as an effective source of decision-making information. People tend to use this effective source of decision-making information to help themselves to make accurate judgments. In altruistic behavior, people regard collective behavior as a norm, and they will adjust their behavior according to this norm to achieve the goal of keeping in line with group behavior. In addition, we find prosocial through individual differences. Herd behavior is not invariable, it will be influenced by individual social value orientation and interpersonal trust level. Compared with self value oriented individuals, pro social value oriented individuals are more likely to show prosocial herd behavior. Individuals with high interpersonal trust are more inclined to do informative herd behavior and low interpersonal trust level. Individuals are more likely to make standard herd behavior.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B848.4

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