高低工作记忆广度个体从注意捕获中脱离的时间差异研究

发布时间：2018-07-02 13:21

本文选题：工作记忆广度 + 选择性注意　；参考：《西南大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：工作记忆是一种对信息进行暂时加工和储存的能量有限的记忆系统。工作记忆的一个最重要的特征就是广度有限性,这个广度的限制,也就是工作记忆广度。工作记忆广度是高度有限的,通常只能同时保存3-4个简单项目[1]。工作记忆广度反映了个体的核心认知能力,影响个体在很多认知任务中的表现。工作记忆与注意是两个关系密切的认知过程。注意依赖于两个主要的模式,也就是对环境中什么信息将要被选择或者被忽略的控制的竞争。注意可能由于个体的搜索目标而能够策略的捕获,也就是自上而下的信号[2]。注意也可能被具有突出特征的刺激自动捕获,尽管与被试的目标无关,这就是自下而上的信号[3]。尽管自动捕获对于选择环境中潜在刺激是重要的生态学机制,但是,许多认知任务都需要抑制能够吸引注意或者与目标有关的无关刺激的能力。也就是说,个体抑制无关刺激的能力是个体完成任务的重要因素[4]。人类在执行认知任务时需要变化许多能力,这些变化的一个重要来源是个体工作记忆广度。最近的一些研究提出工作记忆广度是注意控制一个重要的协变量,Vogel[5]在2008年曾提出,将个体工作记忆广度差异作为认知理论研究的接入点。而工作记忆广度的注意执行理论提出,由于工作记忆广度对一般注意能力的重要性,对工作记忆广度广泛的测查能够预测较高级的认知能力[6]。最近的研究[7][8](9]证明注意能力是与工作记忆广度共变的：高工作记忆广度个体较低工作记忆广度个体在注意搜索中表现出更大的优势,在搜索中较少地依赖于工作记忆内容。低工作记忆广度个体更容易受到干扰刺激的影响,被与工作记忆内容相匹配的项目所吸引。相对于低工作记忆广度个体,高工作记忆广度个体能够更迅速地从无关注意中脱离。实验1在“记忆—搜索”双任务范式的基础上,初步探索在较短的延迟时间条件下高低工作记忆广度个体在脱离由工作记忆内容相匹配的项目引起的自动捕获上的时间差异。对于工作记忆广度的测量采取变化觉察范式,变化序列搜索项目(4个、6个或者8个),每个被试在每种序列条件下的正确率都按照标准公式转换成工作记忆广度估计值[10],取工作记忆广度值前后27%的被试录入分析。实验1将搜索延迟的时间设置为150ms和300ms,将工作记忆内容与搜索目标匹配关系设为与干扰和中性,以探索高低工作记忆广度个体在延迟时间是300ms内能否脱离由工作记忆内容引起的注意的自动捕获。结果发现：高低工作记忆广度个体在延迟时间0ms、150ms和300ms条件下均出现注意的自动捕获效应,未发生注意的脱离。实验2在较长的延迟时间条件下进一步探索高低工作记忆广度个体能否在更长的延迟时间内脱离由工作记忆内容相匹配的项目引起的自动捕获,延迟时间在实验1的基础上设置为300ms和600ms。结果发现：实验2的结果在一定程度上验证了之前的假设,对于低工作记忆广度个体,当延迟时间为300ms和600ms时,仍出现注意的自动捕获效应,未发生注意脱离；但对于高工作记忆广度个体,当延迟时间为300ms时,表现为注意的自动捕获效应,未发生注意脱离；当延迟时间为600ms时,表现为注意的策略抑制效应,已经出现了注意脱离。实验3试图在电生理指标上找到更有力的证据,选取脑电指标P1/N1波幅,设置脱离时间为150ms、300ms和600ms,从而进一步证明高低工作记忆度个体在脱离由工作记忆内容相匹配的项目引起的自动捕获上的时间差异。结果发现：不管是行为结果还是脑电结果,在延迟时间150ms、300ms和600ms的条件下,高低工作记忆广度均未出未发生注意的脱离,没有明显的P1/N1效应。本研究表明,高低工作记忆广度个体在脱离由工作记忆内容匹配的项目的注意的自动捕获效应上存在差异,在300ms以内的延迟时间,高低广度个体均未发生注意的脱离,在600ms的延迟时间,高广度个体能够脱离与工作记忆内容相匹配的项目引起的自动捕获,低广度个体则不能。这进一步证明了视觉工作记忆对选择性注意的影响受工作记忆广度的调控。当延迟时间足够长的时候,高工作记忆广度个体由于其优异的注意控制能力,优先完成认知控制,从而能够脱离工作记忆内容引起的自动捕获,自上而下影响的认知控制己经完成。低工作记忆广度的个体仍然不能完成其认知控制的过程,依然表现为由于项目特征所带来的优先加工效应。
[Abstract]:Working memory is a kind of memory system with limited energy for temporary processing and storage of information . One of the most important features of working memory is the limitation of breadth , which is the breadth of working memory . The breadth of working memory is limited , and usually only 3 - 4 simple items can be saved at the same time . The breadth of working memory reflects the core cognitive ability of the individual and affects the individual ' s performance in many cognitive tasks .

Working memory and attention are two close cognitive processes . Note that depending on the two main patterns , i.e . , the competition for what information in the environment is to be selected or ignored . Note that the capture of policies may be policy due to individual search objectives , i.e . , top - down signals . Note that it is also possible to be automatically captured by stimulation with protruding features , although not related to the target being tested , which is a bottom - up signal . Although automatic capture is an important ecological mechanism for selecting potential stimuli in the selection environment , many cognitive tasks need to inhibit the ability to attract attention or unrelated stimuli associated with the target . That is , the ability of individuals to suppress irrelevant stimuli is an important factor in individual fulfilment of tasks .

In the last few researches , the importance of working memory breadth to the general attention ability is pointed out , and the wide range of working memory can predict the higher level of cognitive ability . Low working memory span individuals are more susceptible to interference stimuli than those matched to working memory contents . In individuals with low working memory , individuals with high working memory span can be more quickly separated from unrelated attention .

On the basis of the dual task paradigm of " memory - search " , the experiment 1 preliminarily explores the time difference between the high and low working memory span individuals on the automatic capture caused by the items matched with the working memory contents under short delay time conditions . The accuracy rate of each test under each sequence condition is converted into a working memory breadth estimation value , and then the automatic capture of attention caused by the working memory content is obtained . The experiment 1 sets the search delay time to 150 ms and 300 ms to explore whether the high and low working memory span individual can be separated from the attention caused by the working memory content within 300 ms . The result shows that the automatic trapping effect which is noticed by the high and low working memory breadth individuals in the delay time of 0 ms , 150 ms and 300 ms is not noticed .

The results show that the results of experiment 2 are 300 ms and 600 ms on the basis of experiment 1 . It is found that the results of experiment 2 have verified the previous assumption to some extent , and the automatic trapping effect which still occurs when the delay time is 300ms and 600ms is verified to some extent .
However , for individuals with high working memory span , when the delay time is 300ms , the automatic trapping effect is noticed , and no attention is noticed .
When the delay time is 600ms , attention is given to the policy inhibition effect , and attention has been paid to the detachment .

The experiment 3 tried to find more powerful evidence on the electrophysiological index , select the amplitude of the brain electrical index P1 / N1 , set the detachment time to 150ms , 300ms and 600ms , and further prove that the low - low working memory individuals are separated from the time difference caused by the items matched with the working memory contents .

This study shows that the difference between the high and low working memory span individuals is different from the automatic capture effect of the items matched by the working memory contents , the delay time within 300 ms and the individual of high and low degree are not noticed . When the delay time is long enough , the high - breadth individual can get out of the auto - capture caused by the project matching with the working memory content . When the delay time is long enough , the high - span individual can get away from the automatic capture caused by the working memory content , and the cognitive control with low working memory span can not complete the process of cognitive control , and still shows the priority processing effect due to the project characteristics .
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B842

【参考文献】