近墨者黑：不道德传染对道德判断的影响

发布时间：2018-07-06 12:36

本文选题：道德判断 + 接触　；参考：《广西师范大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：道德(morality)是人类文明的基础成分,道德判断则始终是道德心理学研究的焦点。当代不断涌现出涉及隐喻和具身认知的道德判断研究,揭示了具体的身体体验与抽象的社会经验之间的心理关联(李宏翰,许闯,2012)。近年来,具身道德的研究涉及了视觉(Banerjee,Chatterjee,Sinha,2012)、听觉(SeidelPrinz,2013).味觉(Hellmann,Thoben,Echterhoff,2013)、嗅觉(Schnall,Haidt,Clore,＆Jordan,2008)等感官知觉,相关研究结果表明多通道的状态信息与高级的认知之间联系紧密。Myers(2007)认为,触觉可能是我们最早发展起来的感觉,而最近更有研究表明,接触会造成不道德的传染(Eskine. Novreske,Richards,2013)。实际上,人与人之间的心理传染在日常生活中寻常可见,例如责备(Fast＆Tiedens,2010)、内疚(Gino,Gu,Zhong,2009)、幸福(FOwlerChristakis,2008)等都可以通过人际互动得到传播。除此之外,研究者发现,物体与人之间的交互也能传染各自的特质,例如,人们更不喜欢自己贴上氰化物标识的糖果(Rozin,Millman,Nemeroff,1986),更不愿意穿着具有道德污点的人穿过的衣服(Rozin,Markwith,＆McCauley,1994)。这是基于个体的“奇特思维”,即人们认为本质可以在人与物体之间传递(Rozin＆Nemeroff,1990)。 Eskine et al.(2013)发现与不道德者的间接接触(椅子的共享)或直接接触(握手)会使被试出现内疚的感觉,表明了道德传染的存在。据此推测,若个体与不道德相关的物品接触,会因为本质的传递而体会到不道德的情绪。并且,已有研究发现,厌恶与道德之间联系密切(Skarlicki,Hoegg,Aquino,Nadisic,2013；Sherman,Haidt,Clore,2012),但是不道德的传染和厌恶之间更确切的关系仍有待进一步探究。此外,相关研究结果表明,相较于清洁其他的身体部位,洗手行为更能消除个体的不道德情绪,并影响其对道德问题的评价(Zhong＆Liljenquist,2006；Schnall,Benton,＆Harvey,2008；Lee＆Schwarz,2010).基于此,本研究将探究不道德传染之后,手部的物理清洁是否能消减不道德的传染,并影响随后的道德判断。综上所述,本文采用Eskine et al.(2013)的研究范式,在具身认知的框架下,考察与不道德相关物品的接触与道德判断的关系。共设计了三个实验,实验一通过让被试穿着不道德者的衣服,检验不道德的本质是否会在个体间传染,以及这种不道德本质的传染对道德判断的影响。实验二采用与实验一类似的范式,让被试穿戴不道德者用过的手套,考察不道德本质的传染是否会使个体体会到厌恶和避害需要,并探究其是否道德判断发生变化的内在机制。实验三在实验二的基础上,让所有被试都穿戴不道德手套,考察物理清洁之后,与不道德手套接触的不快体验是否会得到消除。研究结果发现： (1)穿戴不道德者衣物的被试和控制组的被试的道德情绪存在显著差异,与控制组相比,穿戴不道德者衣物组体会到更强烈的负性道德情绪(内疚、厌恶),表明不道德的本质可以通过接触进行传递。 (2)穿戴不道德者衣物的被试和控制组的被试的道德判断存在显著差异,与控制组相比,穿戴不道德者衣物组会做出更严厉的道德判断,将道德两难问题和不道德行为都评价得更不道德。 (3)穿着不道德者衣服能够有效地激起被试的心理污染,与控制组相比,穿着不道德者衣服组的心理污染更强烈。 (4)穿戴不道德者衣物能够有效地激起被试的避害需要,与控制组相比,穿戴不道德者衣物组的避害需要更强烈。 (5)厌恶是不道德传染和道德判断之间的完全中介变量。 (6)停止与不道德相关衣物的接触并不能消除不道德的传染,但是物理清洁能够减轻被试的厌恶情绪,并导致更严厉的道德判断。
[Abstract]:Morality (morality) is the basic component of human civilization, and moral judgment is always the focus of the study of moral psychology. The contemporary study of moral judgment involving metaphor and physical cognition has emerged in the present time, revealing the psychological association between specific physical experience and abstract social experience (Li Honghan, Xu, 2012). The study involved visual (Banerjee, Chatterjee, Sinha, 2012), hearing (SeidelPrinz, 2013). Sense of taste (Hellmann, Thoben, Echterhoff, 2013), sense of sense (Schnall, Haidt, Clore, Jordan, 2008), and related research shows that the link between multi-channel state information and advanced cognition is closely.Myers (2007) that touch may be us The earliest developed feeling, and more recently, has been shown that contact can lead to immoral infections (Eskine. Novreske, Richards, 2013).
In fact, the psychological contagion between people is common in daily life, such as blame (Gino, 2010), guilt (Gu, Zhong, 2009), and happiness (FOwlerChristakis, 2008) all can be transmitted through interpersonal interaction. In addition, researchers find that the interaction between objects and people can also infect their own traits, such as people. They don't like the confectionery (Rozin, Millman, Nemeroff, 1986), more reluctant to wear clothes that have moral stains (Rozin, Markwith, and 1994). This is based on the individual "strange thinking" that people think that this quality can be passed between people and objects (1990).
Eskine et al. (2013) found that indirect contact with immoral persons (the sharing of chairs) or direct contact (shaking hands) could cause a feeling of guilt, indicating the existence of moral contagion. Accordingly, it is speculated that if the individual is in contact with unethical related items, the immoral emotion will be realized by the transmission of the essence. The relationship between disgust and moral is closely related (Skarlicki, Hoegg, Aquino, Nadisic, 2013; Sherman, Haidt, Clore, 2012), but the more precise relationship between the unethical transmission and disgust remains to be further explored. Based on this, this study will explore whether the physical cleanliness of the hand can reduce the immoral infection and affect the following moral judgment after the study of the immoral infection.
To sum up, this article uses the research paradigm of Eskine et al. (2013) to examine the relationship between contact and moral judgment of unethical related items under the framework of physical cognition. A total of three experiments are designed. Experiment two adopts a paradigm similar to experiment, which allows the subjects to wear gloves used by unethical persons to examine whether the infection of the immoral nature will make individuals feel the need for disgust and avoidance, and to explore the inherent mechanism of the change of moral judgment. Experiment three is based on experiment two. Let all participants wear gloves of immorality. After studying physical cleanliness, the experience of unpleasant contact with unethical gloves will be eliminated.
The results of the study are as follows:
(1) there was a significant difference in moral emotion between the subjects and the control group who wore unethical clothes. Compared with the control group, the wearer clothing group experienced stronger negative moral sentiments (guilt, disgust), indicating that the immoral nature could be transmitted through contact.
(2) there is a significant difference between the moral judgments of the subjects who wear immoral clothes and the subjects in the control group. Compared with the control group, the wearer clothing group will make more severe moral judgments, and evaluate the moral dilemma and unethical behavior more immoral.
(3) clothes wearing immoral clothes can effectively arouse the psychological pollution of the subjects. Compared with the control group, the psychological pollution of the clothes group wearing immoral persons is more intense.
(4) clothing with immoral clothing can effectively arouse the need of avoiding the harm of the subjects. Compared with the control group, the clothing group wearing the immoral person needs more evades.
(5) aversion is a complete mediator between immoral contagion and moral judgment.
(6) the stop of contact with immoral clothing does not eliminate the immoral infection, but physical cleanliness can reduce the disgust of the subjects and lead to a more severe moral judgment.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B842

【参考文献】