记忆领域中部分线索效应的产生机制
发布时间：2018-08-03 15:46
【摘要】：部分线索效应指的是被试学习并记忆一些材料之后,在测试阶段,提供之前所学的部分材料作为线索词来回忆剩余所学项目,结果发现被试的回忆成绩反而比没有提供任何线索,即比自由回忆时的成绩更差。部分线索效应这个概念是由Slamecka在1968年的一次词表记忆项目任务实验中最早发现并提出来的。到目前为止,对于部分线索效应作用机制的解释主要集中于以下两个假说:策略破坏假说和提取抑制假说。策略破坏假说认为,当提取阶段实验者为被试提供已学材料的部分词语作为线索词的时候,它打乱了被试头脑中已有的记忆策略,干扰了被试在记忆过程中形成的信息组织顺序,从而导致出现部分线索效应。而提取抑制假说认为,线索词的呈现直接导致了这些材料项目表征的增强,这种增强使得线索词在测试时早期内隐提取,而线索词的早期内隐提取直接抑制了非线索词的表征,导致其激活水平降低,出现部分线索效应。以往在对于策略破坏假说和提取抑制假说的实验证明中,存在以下四个方面的不足:第一,以往的学者对于提供相同位置的线索词同样产生部分线索效应的原因缺乏深入的研究;第二,以往对于策略破坏假说的实验证明普遍都将编码策略等同于系列化策略;第三,证明策略破坏假说的另外一种思路是采用不同任务难度的实验材料,但实际上,实验材料的难度越低,它们之间不仅项目的关联程度不一样,实验材料的熟悉度不同。第四,以往对于提取抑制假说的研究很多都集中于证明项目表征的改变是持久的,但仅仅从再次自由回忆的成绩依旧受到影响而得出提取抑制假说的正确是值得进一步商榷与研究的。为探索部分线索效应作用机制真正的产生原因,在本研究设计的两个实验中,实验一采用的是单因素完全随机设计,不同线索词(单类线索词和混合线索词)为组间变量来探讨究竟是线索词的提供导致编码策略的破坏从而出现部分线索效应,还是线索词的提供导致线索词的早期内隐提取,抑制了非线索词的激活水平,从而回忆成绩受到影响。实验结果表明,当提供的单独水果类线索词并未破坏被试对于动物类别词语的记忆时,被试对动物类别的记忆成绩同样受到了影响,部分线索效应依然出现,同时单类线索组和混合线索组的回忆成绩差异不显著,这样的实验结果否定了策略破坏假说,支持了提取抑制假说。实验二在实验一结论的基础上,进一步去验证在对部分线索效应产生原因的解释上,提取抑制假说的正确性。实验二采用2(线索材料:表内和表外)×3(线索数量:5个、10个和15个)组间设计,实验结果表明,不管线索词是词表内还是词表外,它们的回忆成绩随着线索词提供数量的增加而降低,并且词表内线索词所引发的部分线索效应大于词表外线索。这说明线索项目的表征强度越大,对非线索词的抑制程度就更加的明显,从而所引起的部分线索效应越大,进而验证了提取抑制假说对于部分线索效应这一现象解释的正确性。综上所述,本研究的两个实验结果都证明了提取抑制假说对于部分线索效应解释的正确性,说明引起部分线索效应的原因是线索词的提供增加了这部分线索词的项目表征强度,进而导致它们早期的内隐提取,从而抑制了非线索词的激活水平,降低了它们的提取成绩,出现部分线索效应。
[Abstract]:The partial cues effect refers to the study and memory of some materials. In the test stage, some of the material used before the test is provided as a clue to recollection of the remaining items. The result shows that the memory performance of the subjects is rather than no clue, that is, the result is worse than the free memory. Slamecka was first discovered and proposed in a word list task experiment in 1968. So far, the explanation of the mechanism of partial cues effect is mainly focused on the following two hypotheses: the strategy destruction hypothesis and the extraction inhibition hypothesis. When some words are used as cue words, it disrupts the memory strategies in the brains of the subjects, interferes with the sequence of information organized by the subjects in the memory process and leads to the emergence of some clues. The extraction inhibition hypothesis suggests that the presentation of clues leads to the enhancement of these material items. This enhancement makes it possible. The cue words are extracted in the early stage of the test, and the early implicit extraction of the clue words directly inhibits the characterization of the non cue words, which leads to the reduction of the activation level and the emergence of some clues. In the past, there are four shortcomings in the experimental proof of the strategy destruction hypothesis and the extraction inhibition hypothesis: first, the previous scholars were There is a lack of in-depth research on the reason that the clue words that provide the same location also produce some clues. Second, the previous experiments on the strategy destruction hypothesis have proved that the coding strategy is generally equated with the serialization strategy; third, the other way of thinking of the strategy destruction hypothesis is to use the experimental materials with different task difficulty, but it is practical. The lower the difficulty of the experimental materials, the degree of association between the items is different and the degree of familiarity of the experimental materials is different. Fourth, many of the previous studies on the extraction inhibition hypothesis have been concentrated on proving that the change of the project characterization is persistent, but only the results of the rememristor rememristor are still affected to extract the inhibition false. It is worth further discussion and research. In order to explore the real cause of the mechanism of the partial clue effect, in the two experiments of this study, the experiment one adopts the single factor complete random design, and the different cue words (single cue words and mixed clue words) are the inter group variables to discuss whether the clue words are provided. The result of the destruction of the coding strategy leads to a partial cue effect, or the supply of cue words that leads to the early implicit extraction of the cue words, restraining the activation level of the non cue words and the effect of the recollection of the results. The memory scores of the subjects were also affected, and some clues still appeared, while the differences in the memory scores of the single cue group and the mixed clue group were not significant. The experimental results negated the strategy destruction hypothesis and supported the extraction inhibition hypothesis. Experiment two was further verified on the basis of the experimental conclusion. The correctness of the inhibition hypothesis was extracted from the explanation of the cause of partial cueing effect. Experiment two was designed with 2 (cued material: out of watch and out of watch) x 3 (clues number: 5, 10 and 15). The experimental results showed that whether the cue words were in the word list or the word list, their memory scores decreased with the increase of the number of cue words. The partial clue effect caused by the word list of the word list is larger than the exterior line of the word list. This shows that the greater the intensity of the clue item is, the more obvious the inhibition of the non cue words, the greater the part of the cues effect, and the correctness of the explanation of the phenomenon of the partial clue effect. To sum up, two experimental results in this study all demonstrate the correctness of the extraction inhibition hypothesis for the explanation of partial cues effect, indicating that the cause of some clues effect is that the supply of cues increases the intensity of the item characterization of this part of the cue word, which leads to their early implicit extraction, thus inhibiting the non cue words. The activation level decreased their retrieval performance and some cue effect appeared.
【学位授予单位】：江西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B842
本文编号：2162210
[Abstract]:The partial cues effect refers to the study and memory of some materials. In the test stage, some of the material used before the test is provided as a clue to recollection of the remaining items. The result shows that the memory performance of the subjects is rather than no clue, that is, the result is worse than the free memory. Slamecka was first discovered and proposed in a word list task experiment in 1968. So far, the explanation of the mechanism of partial cues effect is mainly focused on the following two hypotheses: the strategy destruction hypothesis and the extraction inhibition hypothesis. When some words are used as cue words, it disrupts the memory strategies in the brains of the subjects, interferes with the sequence of information organized by the subjects in the memory process and leads to the emergence of some clues. The extraction inhibition hypothesis suggests that the presentation of clues leads to the enhancement of these material items. This enhancement makes it possible. The cue words are extracted in the early stage of the test, and the early implicit extraction of the clue words directly inhibits the characterization of the non cue words, which leads to the reduction of the activation level and the emergence of some clues. In the past, there are four shortcomings in the experimental proof of the strategy destruction hypothesis and the extraction inhibition hypothesis: first, the previous scholars were There is a lack of in-depth research on the reason that the clue words that provide the same location also produce some clues. Second, the previous experiments on the strategy destruction hypothesis have proved that the coding strategy is generally equated with the serialization strategy; third, the other way of thinking of the strategy destruction hypothesis is to use the experimental materials with different task difficulty, but it is practical. The lower the difficulty of the experimental materials, the degree of association between the items is different and the degree of familiarity of the experimental materials is different. Fourth, many of the previous studies on the extraction inhibition hypothesis have been concentrated on proving that the change of the project characterization is persistent, but only the results of the rememristor rememristor are still affected to extract the inhibition false. It is worth further discussion and research. In order to explore the real cause of the mechanism of the partial clue effect, in the two experiments of this study, the experiment one adopts the single factor complete random design, and the different cue words (single cue words and mixed clue words) are the inter group variables to discuss whether the clue words are provided. The result of the destruction of the coding strategy leads to a partial cue effect, or the supply of cue words that leads to the early implicit extraction of the cue words, restraining the activation level of the non cue words and the effect of the recollection of the results. The memory scores of the subjects were also affected, and some clues still appeared, while the differences in the memory scores of the single cue group and the mixed clue group were not significant. The experimental results negated the strategy destruction hypothesis and supported the extraction inhibition hypothesis. Experiment two was further verified on the basis of the experimental conclusion. The correctness of the inhibition hypothesis was extracted from the explanation of the cause of partial cueing effect. Experiment two was designed with 2 (cued material: out of watch and out of watch) x 3 (clues number: 5, 10 and 15). The experimental results showed that whether the cue words were in the word list or the word list, their memory scores decreased with the increase of the number of cue words. The partial clue effect caused by the word list of the word list is larger than the exterior line of the word list. This shows that the greater the intensity of the clue item is, the more obvious the inhibition of the non cue words, the greater the part of the cues effect, and the correctness of the explanation of the phenomenon of the partial clue effect. To sum up, two experimental results in this study all demonstrate the correctness of the extraction inhibition hypothesis for the explanation of partial cues effect, indicating that the cause of some clues effect is that the supply of cues increases the intensity of the item characterization of this part of the cue word, which leads to their early implicit extraction, thus inhibiting the non cue words. The activation level decreased their retrieval performance and some cue effect appeared.
【学位授予单位】：江西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B842
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