奖励与冲突预期对认知控制的影响

发布时间：2018-08-28 12:58

【摘要】：为做出适当的行为反应、完成相应的任务目标,人们往往需要控制无关干扰信息,这所依靠的就是认知控制。关于认知控制的理论很多,Braver等人在2007年提出的双重认知控制理论为认知控制理论提供了一种新的视角,认为认知控制可以分为主动性控制和反应性控制,两种认知控制各有特点,相互分离又协同合作。许多研究表明了奖励能提高个体的任务表现,增强个体的主动性控制。但这些研究均为阈上奖励,同时探讨阈上、阈下奖励对高级认知影响的研究很少,特别是对认知控制的影响上。除了奖励,冲突预期也是影响认知控制的一个重要因素。当预期有高比例的不一致试次时,为了降低冲突,个体往往会加强主动性控制。Stroop任务是研究认知控制的一种重要的冲突任务范式,其中的Stroop效应可作为反映总体认知控制水平的指标,个体加强主动性控制或反应性控制都将使Stroop效应降低,而冲突适应效应则被认为反映了反应性控制。在加强主动性控制的情况下,反应性控制是否会受影响,即体现为冲突适应效应是否有所变化,这个问题并没有得到解答。此外,以往的研究均探讨的是某个因素对认知控制的影响,却很少有研究结合两个因素对认知控制的影响进行研究,这些因素之间是否存在相互作用也并不清楚。鉴于此,本文在前人研究的基础上,尝试对这些问题进行研究和回答。本研究采用奖励版的色-词Stroop任务范式,共包括两个实验。实验一采用三种颜色及相应的颜色词,以Stroop效应、冲突适应效应为指标,主要研究两个问题:(1)在加强主动性控制的情况下,冲突适应效应(反应性控制)是否会受到影响;(2)阈下奖励是否与阈上奖励一样能加强个体的认知控制,影响Stroop效应。实验一结果显示,(1)阈上和阈下奖励条件下错误率的冲突适应效应显著低于无奖励条件;(2)阈上奖励的反应时Stroop效应、错误率Stroop效应均显著低于无奖励,阈下奖励仅错误率Stroop效应显著低于无奖励。实验二采用四种颜色及相应的颜色词,并分为两个项目色词组,仅分析其中一致试次与不一致试次比例相同的部分,以Stroop效应的大小为依据,主要研究两个问题:(1)奖励和冲突预期是否存在交互作用;(2)阈下奖励和冲突预期对冲突控制的影响是否不同于阈上奖励和冲突预期对认知控制的影响。实验二结果显示,奖励和冲突预期存在交互作用,仅在低冲突预期的条件下,阈上奖励的Stroop效应与无奖励的Stroop效应差异显著,阈下奖励的Stroop效应与无奖励的Stroop效应差异边缘显著,而在高冲突预期的条件下,阈上、阈下奖励与无奖励的Stroop效应差异不显著;仅在无奖励的条件下,阈上奖励的Stroop效应与无奖励的Stroop效应差异显著,阈下奖励的Stroop效应与无奖励的Stroop效应差异边缘显著,而在阈上或阈下奖励的条件下,高、低冲突预期的Stroop效应差异不显著。综合实验一和实验二的结果,本研究主要得出以下结论:(1)在加强主动性控制的情况下,冲突适应效应降低,即反应性控制的采取受到影响;(2)奖励和冲突预期存在交互作用,二者共同作用于认知控制,并不能使主动性控制进一步增强;(3)阈下奖励和冲突预期对认知控制的影响与阈上奖励和冲突预期对认知控制的影响相同;(4)总体而言,阈上奖励和阈下奖励均加强了个体的主动性控制,但相比之下,阈下奖励对认知控制的影响弱于阈上奖励对认知控制的影响。
[Abstract]:In order to make appropriate behavioral responses and accomplish the corresponding task objectives, people often need to control irrelevant interference information, which depends on cognitive control. There are many theories about cognitive control, Braver et al. put forward the theory of double cognitive control in 2007, which provides a new perspective for cognitive control theory and believes that cognitive control can be used. There are two kinds of cognitive control: active control and reactive control. Each kind of cognitive control has its own characteristics. They are separated and cooperated with each other. Many studies have shown that reward can improve individual task performance and enhance individual initiative control. In addition to reward, conflict expectation is also an important factor affecting cognitive control. When a high proportion of inconsistent attempts are expected, individuals tend to strengthen proactive control in order to reduce conflict. Stroop task is an important paradigm of conflict task in cognitive control research, in which the Stroop effect can be used as an important paradigm. Indicators reflecting the overall level of cognitive control, individual reinforcement of active control or reactive control will reduce the Stroop effect, while conflict adaptation effect is considered to reflect reactive control. In addition, previous studies have explored the impact of a certain factor on cognitive control, but few have combined the two factors to study the impact of cognitive control, whether there is interaction between these factors is not clear. In the first experiment, three colors and corresponding color words were used. Stroop effect and conflict adaptation effect were used as indicators. Two main questions were studied: (1) Whether conflict adaptation effect (reactive control) would occur under the condition of enhanced active control. The results of Experiment 1 showed that: (1) the conflict adaptation effect of error rate under the condition of threshold and subthreshold reward was significantly lower than that without reward; (2) the Stroop effect was significantly lower in the response time of threshold reward, and the error rate Stroop effect was significantly lower than that without reward. In experiment 2, four kinds of color words and corresponding color words were used and divided into two item color phrases. The proportion of consistent trial to inconsistent trial was the same. Based on the size of Stroop effect, two main problems were studied: (1) reward and conflict expectation were Whether there is interaction or not; (2) Whether the effects of subthreshold reward and conflict expectation on conflict control are different from those of subthreshold reward and conflict expectation on cognitive control. Significantly, there was a marginal significant difference between the Strop effect of subthreshold reward and the Strop effect of no reward, but there was no significant difference between the Strop effect of subthreshold reward and that of no reward under high conflict expectation. The results of Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 show that: (1) the conflict adaptation effect decreases when the initiative control is strengthened, that is, the adoption of reactive control. (3) Subliminal reward and conflict expectation have the same effect on cognitive control as subliminal reward and conflict expectation; (4) Overall, both subliminal reward and subliminal reward are increased. In contrast, subliminal reward has less effect on cognitive control than subliminal reward.
【学位授予单位】：深圳大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B842.1

【相似文献】