群际威胁情境下弱势群体的自我评价研究
发布时间：2018-09-14 07:31
【摘要】：人类居住在一个多维度的环境中,我们依据不同的标准对社会进行分类,如多民族、多国家、多种族、多性别、多社会阶层等。人们将拥有共同归属感、相同的同一性感受的一群人称为内群体,其余则称为外群体。归属于某一群体会给个体带来心理上的获益,个体也在群体中与他人进行比较获得自我存在的价值。在群际竞争过程中,当内群体的存在、发展和目标受到外群体的影响时,群际威胁就产生了。这种群际威胁是群体成员主观感知到的冲突,不管这种威胁是否真实存在,感知到的威胁已经引起了真实的后果。个体具有自我增强的动机,为保护自己的积极形象,往往会对内群体持积极态度,对外群体持厌恶憎恨的态度,即内群体偏爱和外群体厌恶,对外群和内群产生认知偏差。但弱势群体成员对内群体的评价往往不像高地位群体成员对内群体的评价那么积极,对他们常常对内群体抱有矛盾和冲突的态度,对外群体反而有着较积极的态度,已有大量研究者质疑,在对社会比较判断偏差进行解释时,是否过于将自我增强的动机作为原因来解释。依据外群体比较模型和群体评价外溢模型,自我评价与外群体评价呈正相关关系,自我评价作为群体评价的重要组成部分,群际威胁会导致个体对内群体产生消极的评价,那么当弱势群体感知到来自外群体的威胁时,个体对自我的评价又是什么状态?社会地位的不同直接影响个体的自我评价,经济水平作为社会分类的主要标准,低经济地位群体成员权力、资源等方面的缺乏而处于明显的弱势地位,属于弱势群体,同时由于经济地位分类的边界可渗透性,低经济地位群体成员会表现出强烈的脱离内群体进入高经济地位群体的动机,那么低经济地位群体成员在感知到威胁后对自身的评价会表现出何种特征?本研究以群际威胁作为切入点,以低经济地位群体的大学生作为弱势群体,设计三个研究探讨群际威胁情境下弱势群体的自我评价研究,通过内隐和外显的途径对这一问题进行研究。研究中筛选出低经济地位群体大学生作为被试,编制了高低经济地位大学生在就业时因资源、权力等的差距而对就业产生影响的威胁材料。实验一通过情景投射测验,要求被试站在低经济地位大学生的角度去考虑其可能表现,结果发现,在感知到群际威胁之后,低经济地位大学生会投入相当的精力准备竞争,但对结果的预期显著降低,核心自我评价也显著低于控制组。实验二通过外显的直接测量的方式,研究群际威胁情境下弱势群体成员对自我的外显评价,结果发现当被试感知到威胁之后,对自我的评价显著高于控制组,而且在此过程中成就动机起到了完全中介的作用。实验三采用情绪启动任务的内隐任务判断对低经济地位群体成员的感知到威胁后自动激活的态度进行检验,结果发现,威胁组的反应速度显著低于控制组；自我启动状态下对消极词的反应速度慢于对积极词的反应速度。本研究结果表明：(1)群际威胁情境下,低经济地位群体仍会投入精力参与竞争,但对竞争结果的预期降低,自我评价降低。(2)群际威胁影响低经济地位群体的自我评价。在群际威胁情境下,低经济地位群体成员对自我的评价内隐层面上呈现消极评价,外显层面上呈现积极评价。(3)群际威胁激发了低经济地位群体成员的成就动机,对自我评价积极。
[Abstract]:Human beings live in a multi-dimensional environment, and we classify societies according to different criteria, such as multi-ethnic, multi-national, multi-ethnic, multi-gender, multi-social class, etc. People will have a common sense of belonging, the same sexuality of a group of people known as the inner group, the rest as the outer group. In the process of inter-group competition, inter-group threats arise when the existence, development and goals of the inner group are affected by those of the outer group. This inter-group threat is a conflict perceived by the members of the group, whether the threat is real or not. The perceived threat has already caused real consequences. Individuals have self-reinforcing motives. In order to protect their positive image, they tend to take a positive attitude toward the inner group and a hateful attitude toward the outer group, i.e. inner group preference and outer group aversion, resulting in cognitive bias toward the outer group and inner group. The evaluation is often not as positive as that of the members of the high-ranking group on the internal group. They often have contradictory and conflicting attitudes towards the internal group, but have a more positive attitude towards the external group. A large number of researchers have questioned whether the motivation of self-enhancement is excessively taken as the cause in explaining the bias of social comparative judgment. According to the external group comparison model and the group evaluation spillover model, the self-evaluation is positively correlated with the external group evaluation. As an important part of the group evaluation, the self-evaluation will lead to a negative evaluation of the internal group. Then when the vulnerable group perceives the threat from the external group, the individual will make a positive correlation with the external group evaluation. What is the status of my evaluation? Different social status directly affects the individual's self-evaluation, economic level as the main criteria of social classification, low economic status group members lack of power, resources and other aspects of the obvious vulnerable position, belonging to the vulnerable groups, at the same time because of the economic status of the classification of the boundary permeability, low economic status. Members of economic status groups will show a strong motivation to leave the inner group and enter the high-economic status group. Then what characteristics will the members of low-economic status group show when they perceive the threat to themselves? This study takes the inter-group threat as the breakthrough point, and takes the college students of low-economic status group as the disadvantaged group to design three types. This study explores the self-evaluation of vulnerable groups in the context of inter-group threats, and studies this problem through implicit and explicit ways. In the study, students of low economic status are selected as subjects, and the threatening materials of the employment of high and low economic status students are compiled. Material. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to consider their possible performance from the perspective of low-income college students. The results showed that low-income college students would devote considerable energy to preparing for competition after perceived intergroup threats, but their expectations for the results were significantly reduced, and their core self-evaluation was significantly lower than that of the control group. In Experiment 2, the explicit self-evaluation of vulnerable group members in inter-group threat situations was studied by explicit direct measurement. The results showed that the self-evaluation of vulnerable group members was significantly higher than that of control group when they perceived the threat, and the achievement motivation played a completely mediating role in the process. Hidden task judgment was used to examine the attitudes of the low-economic-status group members to perceive threats and activate automatically. The results showed that the response speed of the threat group was significantly lower than that of the control group. Economic status groups will still devote their energy to competition, but their expectations of competition results will be reduced and their self-evaluation will be reduced. (2) Intergroup threats affect the self-evaluation of low-economic status groups. Intergroup threats stimulate the achievement motivation of members of low economic status group, and are positive for self-evaluation.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：B842.1
本文编号：2241999
[Abstract]:Human beings live in a multi-dimensional environment, and we classify societies according to different criteria, such as multi-ethnic, multi-national, multi-ethnic, multi-gender, multi-social class, etc. People will have a common sense of belonging, the same sexuality of a group of people known as the inner group, the rest as the outer group. In the process of inter-group competition, inter-group threats arise when the existence, development and goals of the inner group are affected by those of the outer group. This inter-group threat is a conflict perceived by the members of the group, whether the threat is real or not. The perceived threat has already caused real consequences. Individuals have self-reinforcing motives. In order to protect their positive image, they tend to take a positive attitude toward the inner group and a hateful attitude toward the outer group, i.e. inner group preference and outer group aversion, resulting in cognitive bias toward the outer group and inner group. The evaluation is often not as positive as that of the members of the high-ranking group on the internal group. They often have contradictory and conflicting attitudes towards the internal group, but have a more positive attitude towards the external group. A large number of researchers have questioned whether the motivation of self-enhancement is excessively taken as the cause in explaining the bias of social comparative judgment. According to the external group comparison model and the group evaluation spillover model, the self-evaluation is positively correlated with the external group evaluation. As an important part of the group evaluation, the self-evaluation will lead to a negative evaluation of the internal group. Then when the vulnerable group perceives the threat from the external group, the individual will make a positive correlation with the external group evaluation. What is the status of my evaluation? Different social status directly affects the individual's self-evaluation, economic level as the main criteria of social classification, low economic status group members lack of power, resources and other aspects of the obvious vulnerable position, belonging to the vulnerable groups, at the same time because of the economic status of the classification of the boundary permeability, low economic status. Members of economic status groups will show a strong motivation to leave the inner group and enter the high-economic status group. Then what characteristics will the members of low-economic status group show when they perceive the threat to themselves? This study takes the inter-group threat as the breakthrough point, and takes the college students of low-economic status group as the disadvantaged group to design three types. This study explores the self-evaluation of vulnerable groups in the context of inter-group threats, and studies this problem through implicit and explicit ways. In the study, students of low economic status are selected as subjects, and the threatening materials of the employment of high and low economic status students are compiled. Material. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to consider their possible performance from the perspective of low-income college students. The results showed that low-income college students would devote considerable energy to preparing for competition after perceived intergroup threats, but their expectations for the results were significantly reduced, and their core self-evaluation was significantly lower than that of the control group. In Experiment 2, the explicit self-evaluation of vulnerable group members in inter-group threat situations was studied by explicit direct measurement. The results showed that the self-evaluation of vulnerable group members was significantly higher than that of control group when they perceived the threat, and the achievement motivation played a completely mediating role in the process. Hidden task judgment was used to examine the attitudes of the low-economic-status group members to perceive threats and activate automatically. The results showed that the response speed of the threat group was significantly lower than that of the control group. Economic status groups will still devote their energy to competition, but their expectations of competition results will be reduced and their self-evaluation will be reduced. (2) Intergroup threats affect the self-evaluation of low-economic status groups. Intergroup threats stimulate the achievement motivation of members of low economic status group, and are positive for self-evaluation.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：B842.1
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