状态焦虑对持续性注意控制的影响：自我损耗程度的调节作用

发布时间：2018-09-17 10:09

【摘要】：在竞赛焦虑情境中做到不受外界刺激干扰而将注意力保持在目标任务上,是每个运动员都会面临的问题。注意控制理论认为,焦虑会打破自上而下的目标导向系统和自下而上的刺激驱动系统之间的平衡,使刺激驱动系统占据主导,进而使个体更容易受到内外分心刺激的干扰,但是投入额外的努力或增加可获得的资源,个体是可以抵消焦虑的消极影响的。依据自我控制力量模型的观点,在有干扰环境中,保持稳定的注意力在目标任务上,是自我控制行为,此行为需要损耗自我控制资源。这提示自我控制力量可能在焦虑对注意控制的干扰过程中起到调节作用。本研究通过一项预实验和两项正式实验探讨了自我损耗是否存在“剂量效应”、自我损耗程度在状态焦虑对持续注意认知任务和运动任务影响中的调节作用。预实验检验了自我损耗任务持续时间对自我控制的影响。采用顺序任务范式,通过操纵自我损耗任务的持续时间(18min、12min、6min和控制组)以求达到不同的自我损耗程度(高、中、低、无)。36名普通大学生在完成不同持续时间的自我损耗任务后,完成持续注意自控检测任务(CCPT)。结果发现,存在自我损耗任务持续时间越长,CCPT任务表现越差的趋势,显著影响的是代表参与者“注意涣散”的漏报数指标,对虚报数、反应时和反应时标准差没有显著影响。结果提示,自我损耗可能存在“剂量效应。”实验一检验自我损耗程度在状态焦虑对持续注意认知任务影响中的调节作用。通过限制错误次数、电击惩罚诱发状态焦虑。60名普通大学生完成不同持续时间的自我损耗任务后,在低、高状态焦虑下完成持续注意认知任务(CCPT)。结果发现,自我损耗程度越大,CCPT任务漏报数和虚报数越多,但对反应时和反应时标准差没有显著影响。较为意外的是,状态焦虑地对认知任务表现有促进作用,且显著作用于代表注意力稳定性的漏报数和反应时标准差指标上。自我损耗程度存在调节作用,与低无自我损耗程度相比,状态焦虑的促进作用在参与者处于中高自我损耗程度下更大。实验二检验自我损耗程度在状态焦虑对持续注意运动任务影响中的调节作用。通过限定飞镖成绩、电击惩罚诱发状态焦虑。63名普通大学生完成不同持续时间的自我损耗任务后,在低、高状态焦虑下完成持续注意运动任务(投掷飞镖)。结果发现,自我损耗程度对飞镖任务表现没有显著影响。与实验一结果比较一致是,状态焦虑对飞镖任务表现起到了促进作用。自我损耗程度的调节作用消失了。可能的原因是,飞镖任务的敏感性不如认知任务,建议加入眼动指标或生物力指标。结论:1)自我损耗对持续注意的影响可能存在剂量效应;自我损耗会造成持续注意任务中出现注意涣散和更难抑制冲动反应。2)不论在持续注意认知任务中,还是在持续注意运动任务中,实验室诱发的状态焦虑对任务表现都有促进作用,有利于保持任务中的注意稳定性。3)自我损耗程度能够调节状态焦虑对持续注意控制的影响,与低无自我损耗程度相比,状态焦虑对持续注意控制的积极作用在中高自我损耗程度更大,但此调节作用仅存在于反映持续注意的认知型任务中,而在反映持续注意的运动型任务中并不存在。
[Abstract]:Attention control theory holds that anxiety will break the balance between top-down goal-oriented system and bottom-up stimulation-driven system, and make the stimulation-driven system dominant, and then further more. Individuals are more susceptible to distraction stimuli, but they can offset the negative effects of anxiety by investing extra effort or increasing available resources. According to the self-control power model, maintaining a stable focus on the target task in distracted environments is a self-control behavior that needs to be impaired. Self-control resources are depleted. This suggests that self-control power may play a moderating role in the disturbance of anxiety on attention control. This study explored whether there is a "dose effect" of self-wasting through a pre-experiment and two formal experiments. The degree of self-wasting in state anxiety affects the cognitive and motor tasks of sustained attention. Preliminary experiments were conducted to examine the effects of self-wasting task duration on self-control. The sequential task paradigm was used to manipulate the duration of self-wasting tasks (18, 12, 6, and control groups) in order to achieve different levels of self-wasting (high, medium, low, and none). The results showed that the longer the duration of self-wasting task was, the worse the performance of CCPT task was. The significant influence was the number of missing reports representing the participants'attentional dispersion. There was no significant effect on the number of false reports, reaction time and reaction time standard deviation. Experiments 1 examined the moderating effect of self-wasting on the effects of state anxiety on cognitive tasks of continuous attention. By limiting the number of errors, electric shock punishment induced state anxiety. The results showed that the greater the degree of self-wasting, the more missing reports and false reports of CCPT task, but no significant effect on response time and response time standard deviation. Experiments 2 examined the moderating effect of self-depletion on the effect of state anxiety on sustained attention task. 63 college students completed sustained attention task (dart throwing) under low and high state anxiety after completing self-depletion task of different duration. The results showed that the degree of self-depletion had no significant effect on dart task performance. Perhaps the reason is that the sensitivity of the dart task is not as good as that of the cognitive task. Eye-movement or biological indicators are suggested to be added. Conclusion: 1) There may be a dose-effect of self-wasting on sustained attention; self-wasting may cause sustained attention in the task. Lab-induced state anxiety contributes to task performance and helps to maintain attention stability in tasks. 3) Self-depletion can regulate the effect of state anxiety on continuous attention control in both cognitive and motor tasks. The positive effect of state anxiety on sustained attention control was greater in moderate and high self-depletion than in low non-self-depletion, but the moderating effect only existed in cognitive tasks reflecting sustained attention, but not in motor tasks reflecting sustained attention.
【学位授予单位】：北京体育大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B842

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