儿童青少年自发特质推理中的性别刻板效应：性别图式的调节作用
发布时间：2018-10-19 15:51
【摘要】：特质是具有一定神经生理基础的、持久稳定的个体心理特征,常被人们用来描述、解释和预测行为。根据他人行为推断其特质,可以帮助我们在复杂环境中快速认识他人。自发特质推理是指个体在没有意图,甚至自己也未意识到的情况下自发地由行为推论人格特质的过程。正是由于这种无意识、自动进行等特点,使其推理出的特质很容易被个体所接受,并成为许多人际决策的重要依据。作为一种观察者和被观察者交互作用产生的认知过程,个体的自发特质推理必然受到这两类因素的影响。已有研究发现观察者的情绪、认知负荷以及被观察者的行为效价等均会影响该过程。其中由被观察者性别激活的性别刻板印象也会对该过程会产生影响,具体来说与性别刻板不一致行为相比,人们更倾向于自发地推断出个体与自身性别刻板一致行为中所隐含的特质。依据性别图式理论可以划分出性别图式化个体和非图式化个体,前者比后者对性别信息的感知更敏锐,更倾向于从性别维度加工和整合信息。即性别图式化个体可能对他人的行为与其自身的性别刻板印象一致或不一致更为敏感。已有研究也发现性别图式会调节性别刻板印象对自发特质推理的影响,性别刻板印象影响性别图式化个体的自发特质推理,但不影响性别非图式化个体的自发特质推理。但上述研究均是针对成人被试开展的,而性别刻板印象在幼儿2岁左右就已经出现,之后快速发展。但此阶段儿童的性别刻板印象较为僵化,童年中期他们对性别的认识开始变得灵活。而到了青春期,性别刻板印象又因性意识的觉醒再次僵化。从发展的视角来看,较早就发展起来的性别刻板印象是否会对不同年龄阶段个体的自发特质推理产生影响,以及这种影响是否会因个体性别图式的不同而存在差异,是该领域有待探讨的重要问题。此外有研究者提出儿童有意图特质推理的长期练习能够促进自发特质推理的发生。研究表明,随着儿童有意图特质推理的不断练习,儿童大约在8岁左右就可以进行自发特质推理。国内外许多研究者也对自发特质推理的发展情况进行过初步探讨,但尚未有研究系统考察过不同年龄段儿童青少年自发特质推理的发展趋势。因此,本研究采用探测词再认范式考察9岁、10岁、11岁、12岁、13岁和14岁儿童青少年自发特质推理的年龄特点,并考察性别刻板印对自发特质推理影响的年龄特点以及性别图式在其中的调节作用。这对于我们较为全面、深入地了解儿童青少年朴素心理理论的发展情况有重要的意义。本研究主要有以下结论:1、9-14岁儿童青少年均能进行自发特质推理,且推理强度上表现为“倒U型”发展趋势。具体而言9-10岁儿童进行自发特质推理的强度逐渐增强,10岁左右儿童进行自发特质推理的强度最强,10-14岁推理强度缓慢下降。2、性别刻板印象不影响9-14岁儿童青少年的自发特质推理。3、只有对9岁和13岁组的儿童而言,性别刻板印象对自发特质推理的影响受到性别图式的调节。相比性别非图式化个体,性别刻板印象更可能影响性别图式化个体的自发特质推理。具体而言,性别图式化个体更倾向于对刻板一致行为进行自发特质推理,而性别非图式化个体对刻板一致和不一致行为进行自发特质推理的程度不存在显著差异。
[Abstract]:It is characterized by a certain neurophysiological basis, lasting and stable individual psychological characteristics, often used to describe, explain and predict behavior. according to others' behavior, we can help us quickly meet others in a complex environment. Self-nature reasoning refers to the process of individual behavior inference personality traits without intention or even self-awareness. Because of the unconscious and automatic nature, it is easy to be accepted by individuals and become an important basis for many people's decision-making. As a cognitive process generated by interaction between an observer and an observer, the spontaneous trait reasoning of an individual must be influenced by these two types of factors. It has been found that the emotion, cognitive load and behavior potency of the observer will affect the process. Gender stereotypes, which are activated by the sex of the observer, will also have an impact on the process, particularly in comparison with gender stereotypes, which tend to spontaneously infer the traits implicit in the individual's gender stereotypes. According to the gender pattern theory, gender-schema individuals and non-schematized individuals can be classified, the former is more acute than the latter's perception of gender information, and is more inclined to process and synthesize information from the gender dimension. That is, gender-based individuals may be more sensitive to the behavior of others and their own gender stereotypes. It has been found that the gender pattern can regulate the influence of gender stereotype on spontaneous trait reasoning, and the gender stereotype affects the spontaneous trait reasoning of gender-based individuals, but does not affect the self-nature reasoning of gender-non-schematized individuals. However, the above-mentioned studies have been conducted for adults, and gender stereotypes have emerged around the age of 2 years, followed by rapid development. However, the gender stereotypes of children in this phase are rigid, and their awareness of gender has begun to become flexible in the middle of their childhood. At puberty, the gender stereotype and the awakening of sexual consciousness became rigid again. From the perspective of development, whether the gender stereotype developed earlier will have an influence on the spontaneous trait reasoning of individual in different age groups, and whether the influence will be different due to the difference of the individual's gender schema is an important issue to be discussed in this field. In addition, researchers suggest that the long-term practice of children with intention-specific reasoning can contribute to the genesis of spontaneous trait reasoning. The study shows that, with the practice of child's intentional characteristic reasoning, the child can conduct spontaneous attribute reasoning around the age of 8. Many researchers at home and abroad have studied the development of spontaneous trait reasoning, but have not yet studied the development trend of spontaneous trait reasoning among children of different ages. Therefore, this study examined the age characteristics of spontaneous trait reasoning among 9-year-old, 10-year-old, 11-year-old, 12-year-old, 13-year-old and 14-year-old children in this study. This is of great significance for us to understand the development of children's simple psychological theory in a more comprehensive and in-depth way. The study mainly has the following conclusions: 1. Children aged 9-14 years old can conduct spontaneous attribute reasoning, and the reasoning intensity is shown as the development trend of the 鈥渋nverted U-shape鈥，
本文编号：2281594
[Abstract]:It is characterized by a certain neurophysiological basis, lasting and stable individual psychological characteristics, often used to describe, explain and predict behavior. according to others' behavior, we can help us quickly meet others in a complex environment. Self-nature reasoning refers to the process of individual behavior inference personality traits without intention or even self-awareness. Because of the unconscious and automatic nature, it is easy to be accepted by individuals and become an important basis for many people's decision-making. As a cognitive process generated by interaction between an observer and an observer, the spontaneous trait reasoning of an individual must be influenced by these two types of factors. It has been found that the emotion, cognitive load and behavior potency of the observer will affect the process. Gender stereotypes, which are activated by the sex of the observer, will also have an impact on the process, particularly in comparison with gender stereotypes, which tend to spontaneously infer the traits implicit in the individual's gender stereotypes. According to the gender pattern theory, gender-schema individuals and non-schematized individuals can be classified, the former is more acute than the latter's perception of gender information, and is more inclined to process and synthesize information from the gender dimension. That is, gender-based individuals may be more sensitive to the behavior of others and their own gender stereotypes. It has been found that the gender pattern can regulate the influence of gender stereotype on spontaneous trait reasoning, and the gender stereotype affects the spontaneous trait reasoning of gender-based individuals, but does not affect the self-nature reasoning of gender-non-schematized individuals. However, the above-mentioned studies have been conducted for adults, and gender stereotypes have emerged around the age of 2 years, followed by rapid development. However, the gender stereotypes of children in this phase are rigid, and their awareness of gender has begun to become flexible in the middle of their childhood. At puberty, the gender stereotype and the awakening of sexual consciousness became rigid again. From the perspective of development, whether the gender stereotype developed earlier will have an influence on the spontaneous trait reasoning of individual in different age groups, and whether the influence will be different due to the difference of the individual's gender schema is an important issue to be discussed in this field. In addition, researchers suggest that the long-term practice of children with intention-specific reasoning can contribute to the genesis of spontaneous trait reasoning. The study shows that, with the practice of child's intentional characteristic reasoning, the child can conduct spontaneous attribute reasoning around the age of 8. Many researchers at home and abroad have studied the development of spontaneous trait reasoning, but have not yet studied the development trend of spontaneous trait reasoning among children of different ages. Therefore, this study examined the age characteristics of spontaneous trait reasoning among 9-year-old, 10-year-old, 11-year-old, 12-year-old, 13-year-old and 14-year-old children in this study. This is of great significance for us to understand the development of children's simple psychological theory in a more comprehensive and in-depth way. The study mainly has the following conclusions: 1. Children aged 9-14 years old can conduct spontaneous attribute reasoning, and the reasoning intensity is shown as the development trend of the 鈥渋nverted U-shape鈥，
本文编号：2281594
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