社会参照点对自我—他人风险决策的影响

发布时间：2018-11-09 19:05

【摘要】：Kahneman和Tversky(1979)在前景理论中提出了“参照点”概念,指出参照点是决策者在判断和选择过程中依据的标准。近年来,除聚焦个人现状参照点的研究外,学者们也逐渐关注其他因素形成的参照点对风险决策的影响。考虑到现实生活中的决策大都处于社会背景当中,决策环境因素对个体的风险决策具有不可忽视的意义。在这里,他人的状态被定义为社会参照点。在自我决策领域,学者们已经开展社会参照点对风险决策的影响研究,但目前研究数量较少并且在如何影响个体风险决策上并没有达成一致。因此,本研究采用找工作情境,进一步探讨社会参照点对自我-他人风险决策的影响。研究一采用找工作情境,初步验证了社会参照点对个体自我风险决策的影响。在此基础上,研究二中,我们加入了决策者角色这一变量,进一步探讨社会参照点对自我-他人风险决策的影响。研究二包含3个实验,分别从不同的角度对他人进行操纵,实验1采用3(社会参照点:无社会参照点、上行社会参照点、下行社会参照点)×2(决策者角色:为自己、建议他人)的完全被试间设计,将他人设置为“校园里的一个与被试同性别的大学生”,初步探讨了社会参照点对自我-他人风险决策的影响。实验2从亲密度角度出发,采用IOS量表操纵他人,将他人细分为“亲密朋友/陌生人”,探讨社会参照点对自我-他人风险决策的影响。实验3,从相似性角度操纵他人,将他人细分为“相似他人/不相似他人”,更深入地探讨社会参照点对自我-他人风险决策的影响。其中,实验2采用3(社会参照点:无社会参照点、上行社会参照点、下行社会参照点)×3(决策者角色:为自己、建议亲密朋友、建议陌生人)的完全被试间设计;实验3采用3(社会参照点:无社会参照点、上行社会参照点、下行社会参照点)×3(决策者角色:为自己、建议相似他人、建议不相似他人)的完全被试间设计。研究结果表明:(1)在自我决策时,社会参照点对个体的风险决策存在显著影响,具体为相对于无社会参照点,在上行社会参照点和下行社会参照点存在的条件下,被试表现得更为冒险。(2)上行社会参照点和下行社会参照点对自我-他人的风险决策有重要影响。总体来说,在社会参照点存在的情况下,为他人提建议时相对保守,尤其在上行社会参照点条件下,相对于为自己决策,为陌生他人提建议时更为保守。同时,相对于陌生他人,为亲密朋友提建议时更为贴近为自己决策。(3)不同社会参照点水平下,为不相似他人提建议和为自己决策的风险偏好存在显著差异。具体来说,无社会参照点时,为不相似他人提建议时比为自己决策更为冒险;在上行社会参照点和下行社会参照点存在时,为不相似他人提建议时并没有像为自己决策时那样更多寻求风险,而是表现得更为保守。同时,相对于不相似他人,为相似他人提建议时更为贴近为自己决策。
[Abstract]:Kahneman and Tversky (1979) put forward the concept of "reference point" in foreground theory, and pointed out that reference point is the criterion of decision maker in the process of judgment and selection. In recent years, in addition to focusing on the personal status of reference points, scholars have gradually paid attention to the impact of reference points formed by other factors on risk decision-making. Considering that most of the decisions in real life are in the social background, the environmental factors of decision making are of great significance to individual risk decision making. In this case, the state of others is defined as a social reference point. In the field of self-decision-making, scholars have carried out social reference points on the impact of risk decision-making, but the number of studies is relatively small and there is no agreement on how to affect individual risk decision-making. Therefore, this study further explores the impact of social reference points on self-others risk-making using job-seeking situations. In the first study, the influence of social reference point on self-risk decision-making was preliminarily verified. On this basis, in the second middle school, we add the role of decision makers to further explore the impact of social reference points on self-others risk decision-making. Study 2 consists of three experiments that manipulate others from different angles. Experiment 1 uses 3 (social reference point: no social reference point, uplink social reference point, downlink social reference point) 脳 2 (decision maker role: for oneself). The total design of the subjects suggested to others was designed to be "a college student of the same sex on campus", and the influence of social reference points on the risk decision-making of self-others was preliminarily discussed. In experiment 2, we used IOS scale to manipulate others and subdivide them into "close friends / strangers" from the perspective of affinity, to explore the influence of social reference points on self-others risk decision-making. Experiment 3, manipulating others from the angle of similarity, subdividing them into "similar others / dissimilar others", further discusses the influence of social reference points on self-others risk decision. Among them, experiment 2 used 3 (social reference point: no social reference point, uplink social reference point, downgoing social reference point) 脳 3 (decision maker role: for himself, advice for close friends, suggestion for strangers); Experiment 3 adopts the complete design of 3 (social reference point: no social reference point, uplink social reference point, downgoing social reference point) 脳 3 (role of decision maker: for oneself, suggest similar others, suggest dissimilar others). The results show that: (1) in self-decision-making, the social reference point has a significant impact on individual risk decision-making, specifically, compared with no social reference point, under the condition of uplink social reference point and downlink social reference point, The subjects were more adventurous. (2) the uplink social reference point and the downward social reference point had important influence on the risk decision of self-others. In general, when the social reference point exists, it is more conservative to give advice to others, especially under the condition of uplink social reference point, which is more conservative than that of making decisions for oneself and giving advice to strangers. At the same time, compared with strangers, advice for close friends is more close to their own decision-making. (3) at different social reference points, there are significant differences in risk preference for dissimilar others and for their own decision-making. Specifically, when there is no social reference point, it is more risky to make suggestions for dissimilar others than to make decisions for oneself. When the uplink and downlink reference points exist, the advice for dissimilar others is not as much risk seeking as it is when making decisions for oneself, but more conservative. At the same time, rather than dissimilar others, advice for similar others is closer to their own decisions.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B844.2

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