鄱阳湖—乐安河婺源段越冬雁鸭类种群生态学初步研究

发布时间：2018-06-03 13:20

本文选题：鄱阳湖 + 雁鸭类　；参考：《江西师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：2014年11月-2017年3月越冬期,笔者对鄱阳湖越冬雁鸭类种群生态学进行了初步研究,研究内容涉及雁鸭类数量与分布、雁鸭类性比与年龄结构、中华秋沙鸭(Mergus squamatus)和鸳鸯(Aix galericulata)行为研究,结果如下:(1)雁鸭类数量与分布:共记录雁鸭类18种,包括国家Ⅱ级重点保护动物小天鹅(Cygnus columbianus)和白额雁(Anser albifrons)。豆雁(Anser fabalis)的累计数量最多,其次为小天鹅(Cygnus columbianus)、白额雁、鸿雁(Anser cygnoides)和罗纹鸭(Anas falcata);斑嘴鸭(Anas poecilorhyncha)出现频次最高,其次为豆雁、小天鹅、鸿雁和白额雁;斑嘴鸭、豆雁和小天鹅出现湖泊数最多。浅水湖泊、草洲和泥滩是多数越冬雁鸭类偏好的生境。鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区集中了最多、最全的雁鸭类。(2)雁鸭类性比与年龄结构:越冬中期绿翅鸭(Anas crecca)(♂60.66%,n=361)为雄性主导的性比,罗纹鸭(Anas falcata)(♂52.10%,n=286)、绿头鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)(♂50.00%,n=90)和赤颈鸭(Anas penelope)(♂49.18%,n=183)的性比较为平衡。绿翅鸭偏雄性的性比可能是在越冬地和繁殖地不断增加的雌性死亡率造成的。越冬前期均记录到4种鸭类大量的雌性个体,而且到了越冬中期雄性比例增加,这说明鄱阳湖越冬雁鸭类雌性先于雄性到达越冬地。小天鹅幼体比例相对较高(28.27%,n=3130),越冬前期和后期的幼体比例显著高于中期。这可能说明带幼体的家庭群早于没有参与繁殖或者繁殖失败的个体到达鄱阳湖越冬但是晚于它们到达繁殖地。(3)中华秋沙鸭潜水取食:中华秋沙鸭的平均潜水和暂停持续时间分别为(18.8±0.1s,n=4305)和(12.9±0.2s,n=4104),潜水效率为2.297±0.025。雄性中华秋沙鸭平均潜水持续时间和平均暂停持续时间均显著高于雌性,这可能与雌雄的体重差异有关。随着温度升高和月份与时段的推移,中华秋沙鸭的潜水持续时间显著增加,这可能与最小氧气消耗率有关。随着群体的增大,中华秋沙鸭的潜水持续时间显著下降,这可能是种间竞争加剧所致。(4)中华秋沙鸭能量支出:中华秋沙鸭越冬期能量支出最多的行为是游泳(117.96±36.80 KJ/day),取食(115.60±38.94 KJ/day)和飞翔(104.15±51.34KJ/day)行为,这与其非繁殖期的主要生理需求相符合。雄性中华秋沙鸭越冬期昼间警戒行为的能量支出显著大于雌性(F=4.929,df=1,p=0.033),这与雄性更多地承担群体的守卫工作有关。随着日平均气温的升高,中华秋沙鸭警戒行为的能量支出显著降低(F=5.816,df=1,p=0.026),说明中华秋沙鸭在不同温度下采取不同的行为对策。随着群体大小的增加,中华秋沙鸭社会行为的能量支出显著增加(F=5.109,df=1,p=0.043),群体增大使得中华秋沙鸭用于取食和警戒的时间明显减少,因而用于其他行为(如社会行为)的时间相应增加。(5)鸳鸯越冬行为:鸳鸯越冬期的主要行为是休息(38.95%)、取食(22.63%)、游泳(20.35%)和修整(12.80%),与其他越冬游禽相一致,表明这种行为组合能够满足游禽在越冬期的基本生理需求及能量摄入与保存的平衡。
[Abstract]:In the winter of November 2014 -2017, the population ecology of the wild goose duck in Poyang Lake was preliminarily studied. The contents of the study included the number and distribution of wild goose duck, the sex ratio and age structure of the wild goose duck, the Mergus squamatus and the mandarin duck (Aix galericulata). The results were as follows: (1) the number and distribution of wild goose duck: CO recording There are 18 kinds of wild goose ducks, including Cygnus columbianus and Bai Eyan (Anser albifrons), the largest number of the wild goose (Anser fabalis), followed by the small Swan (Cygnus columbianus), the white goose, the wild goose (Anser cygnoides) and the ribbed duck (Anas falcata), and the occurrence frequency of the duck. The highest, followed by the bean geese, small swan, wild goose and Bai Eyan, the beak duck, the bean goose and the small Swan appear most of the lakes. The shallow water lakes, the Chau Chau and the mudflats are the favorite habitats of the overwintering wild goose ducks. The Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve is the most concentrated and the most complete wild goose duck. (2) the wild goose duck sex ratio and the age structure: the mid winter green wing duck (Anas Crecca) the male dominated sex ratio, the Anas falcata (Anas falcata), the Anas platyrhynchos (Anas platyrhynchos) and the red neck duck (Anas Penelope) and the red neck duck (Anas Penelope) (Anas Penelope) are balanced. The sex ratio of the Green Wing duck may be caused by the increasing female mortality in the overwintering and breeding ground. In the early winter, a large number of female individuals were recorded in 4 kinds of ducks, and the male proportion increased in the middle of the winter. This indicated that the female of the wild goose duck in Poyang Lake went to the overwintering ground before the male. The proportion of the young swans was relatively high (28.27%, n=3130), and the proportion of the young in the early and late wintering was significantly higher than that in the middle period. The family group was earlier than the individuals who did not participate in breeding or breeding failure to reach Poyang Lake in the winter but later than they arrived in the breeding ground. (3) the average diving and suspension of Chinese autumn duck was (18.8 0.1s, n=4305) and (12.9 + 0.2S, n=4104), and the efficiency of the diving was 2.297 + 0.025. male Zhonghua sands. The average diving duration and the average pause duration of the duck were significantly higher than that of the female, which may be related to the difference between male and female body weight. With the increase of temperature and the passage of month and time, the duration of scuba diving in Chinese autumn ducks increased significantly, which may be related to the minimum oxygen consumption rate. The duration significantly decreased, which may be caused by intensification of interspecific competition. (4) the energy expenditure of the Chinese autumn duck: the behavior of the most overwintering period of the Chinese autumn duck is swimming (117.96 + 36.80 KJ/day), feeding (115.60 + 38.94 KJ/day) and flying (104.15 51.34KJ/day), which is in line with the main physiological needs of the non breeding period. The energy expenditure of the day vigilance behavior of the Chinese autumn duck was significantly greater than that of the female (F=4.929, df=1, p=0.033), which was related to the male's guard work more. With the increase of average daily temperature, the energy expenditure of the vigilance behavior of the Chinese autumn duck was significantly reduced (F= 5.816, df=1, p=0.026), indicating that the Chinese autumn duck was at different temperatures. With the increase of group size, the energy expenditure of the social behavior of the Chinese autumn ducks increased significantly (F=5.109, df=1, p=0.043), and the increase of the population made the time of the Chinese autumn ducks used for feeding and vigilance significantly reduced, thus the time for other behaviors (such as social behavior) increased correspondingly. (5) the behavior of the mandarin ducks overwintering: The main behavior of the overwintering period of mandarin ducks is rest (38.95%), feeding (22.63%), swimming (20.35%) and trimming (12.80%), consistent with other wintering birds, indicating that this combination of behavior can meet the basic physiological needs of the wintering period and the balance of energy intake and preservation.
【学位授予单位】：江西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：Q958

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