中国特色城镇化进程中农民工职业培训研究

发布时间：2017-12-31 06:27

本文关键词：中国特色城镇化进程中农民工职业培训研究　出处：《山东大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

更多相关文章： 城镇化 农民工 职业培训 市民化

【摘要】：世界各国、各个地区经济社会的发展都会经历城镇化过程。现阶段,虽然我国经济发展进入低速增长的“新常态”,但是我国也正处在快速城镇化进程的重要阶段,伴随着城镇化,这必然会引起我国经济结构的调整和农村人口的转移。从本质上看,城镇化就是农业人口向城镇非农产业的转移和集中,推进农业转移人口市民化,促使农业转移人口真正融入城市生活。城镇化的过程是农村人口转变为城镇人口的过程,这个过程是一个国家在实现工业化、现代化过程中必须经历的社会变迁。长期以来,“三农”问题成为困扰中国特色社会主义发展的主要问题之一,其核心就是农民问题。中国的农民要像世界上其他国家一样在经历城镇化的过程中迅速转化为城市人口,首先就要解决农民的转移和融入城镇问题,而影响转移的一个最主要、最直接的因素,就是进城务工农民的就业综合能力,即是人力资本的积累和职业培训问题。特别是我国处于经济新常态下,经济产业结构转型升级,导致“技工荒”问题日益突出。因此,解决好农民工“就业难”和“技工荒”问题对于中国的社会和谐稳定和经济又好又快发展都具有非常重要的现实意义和理论价值。随着城镇化的发展,农村人口向城市流动和转移是经济社会发展普遍存在的规律,也是一个国家从二元社会转化为一元社会的必由之路。在中国特色城镇化的进程中,从农民到市民的身份转变一般需要经历两个重要的发展阶段,第一个阶段为农民到农民工的转化,第二个阶段为农民工市民化的转变。城镇化的关键在于农民工市民化,而农民工市民化的关键在于农民工自身的文化教育程度和职业技能的综合水平。上个世纪八十年代改革开放政策实施以来,我国农村剩余劳动力不断涌向城市就业,就业领域覆盖了三次产业,这是我国经济社会发展的一个必经阶段。大部分农民工的职业技能水平偏低导致产业人力资源供给侧与需求端产生严重的结构性矛盾,即人力资本市场出现严重的“总量过剩、结构短缺”问题。农民工群体职业流动性高的特点,对社会、企业的人力资本积累和产业升级必然造成不利的影响,相对于城市劳动者而言,农民工在就业层次、收入水平、社会保障等方面处于显著的弱势地位。实践证明,只有思想道德和工作技能综合素质较高的农民工,进入城市后才能获得较多的就业机会,才能取得相对稳定的职业,获得较高的收入水平,才能更快地适应和融入城镇生活。由于文化、教育、能力水平的差异,如何进一步提高农民工的文化素质,进一步加强对农民工的继续教育,提高农民工的综合素质,让农民工尽快融入城市,培育市民理念,享受平等的权利和义务,得到政府的高度认同,使他们正式成为城镇的“主人公”问题已迫在眉睫,这不仅是中国共产党执政为民的内在要求,更是广大人民群众的内在需求,也有助于促进农民工素质提升和职业转型、实现农民工收入增长、加快城镇化进程,有助于我国全面小康社会的建设。伴随我国经济结构的转型升级和快速城镇化,农民工数量呈快速上升趋势,他们分布在国民经济各个行业,为推动我国经济社会发展做出了巨大贡献。农民工问题是我国经济和社会发展的重要影响因素之一,我国社会生产逐步从人力资源密集型向专业技能密集型转型,劳动密集型产业增长放缓,将需要更高素质的人力资本。而我国人力资本市场存在严重的供需结构性矛盾,并且农民工自身存在流动性高的显著特点,对企业人力资本积累和产业升级必然造成严重的不利影响；相对于城市劳动者而言,农民工在就业层次、收入水平、社会保障等方面处在显著的弱势地位。所以,加强农民工职业培训有利于促进我国产业结构优化升级,有利于促进我国经济发展方式的快速转变,有利于提高农民工收入和社会保障水平,满足经济发展对劳动力素质提升的需求。农民工进行职业培训不仅可以提高其自身的综合素质和劳动技能,还能够缩减农民工与城市劳动力之间的人力资本差距,促进人力资本市场供给侧改革,并且直接影响我国工业化、城镇化进程和中国特色社会主义发展,具有十分重要的现实意义。在对我国农民工职业培训问题分析的基础上,根据《2014年农民工监测调查》的微观数据,利用Logit模型实证分析了影响我国农民工职业培训需求的因素,并注重分析其中的地区差异和性别差异。研究发现：(1)教育水平显著影响农民工职业培训需求,随着农民工教育水平的不断提升,更倾向于参加职业培训,般教育水平越高,人力资本水平也越高,从而促进农民工收入的增加,这会为获得更多的职业培训提供经济基础。(2)农民工的年龄、工龄与农民工参加职业培训需求为倒“U”型关系,具体来讲,随着工龄和年龄的增长,农民工参加职业培训的需求不断增加,随后出现下降趋势。(3)农民工职业培训需求存在显著的城乡差异和性别差异。所以,政府在提供政策支持和设施建设时要注意公平性,充分考虑地区和性别差异带来的影响,提高低收入农民工群体参加职业培训的概率,合理释放农民工职业培训需求。(4)政府累积补贴和参加职业培训的累积花费都显著影响农民工参加职业培训的概率。政府累积补贴与农民工参加职业培训的概率呈显著正相关关系,参加职业培训的累积花费与农民工参加职业培训的概率呈显著负相关关系。针对以上对农民工职业培训问题的分析和实证研究,提出以下对策建议：第一,农民工职业培训是一项长期而艰巨的任务,需要政府、企业、培训机构和农民工的良好合作才能稳步推进。完善农民工职业培训市场机制,建立以市场需求为导向、政府监管的培训体系。出台相关法律法规,为农民工职业培训提供法律依据,逐步推进农民工职业培训市场的法制化。第二,政府应该注重农民工思想道德教育,积极培育和践行社会主义核心价值观。增强对农民工的职业培训同时要注意农民工参加职业培训需求的地区差异和性别差异,特别是低收入的农民工,不断推动教育公平的培训体制,让社会弱势群体获得平等的教育培训机会,从制度上为农民工参与职业培训提供保障。第三,提供符合我国农民工需求的职业培训,适应经济结构的转型和工作的职业技能要求。农民工对职业培训的需求较大,但是农民工群体的职业存在高流动性,所以企业对农民工职业培训的积极性不足,政府要给提供职业培训的企业一定的税收优惠政策。第四,鼓励企业和农民工之间建立相对稳定的劳动合同关系,提高企业提供职业培训的积极性。促进企业和培训机构的资源优势有效结合,合理安排职业培训,以市场需求为导向,根据不同区域、不同行业的实际需求界定培训内容。第五,实现农民工职业培训的多元化和系统化。实现培训投资主体的多元化,建立科学合理的激励机制,提高职业培训积极性。加大培训补贴支出,建立健全农民工职业技能认证体系,将培训与就业推荐结合起来。在经济社会转型阶段,要积极利用各种资源提高农民工就业水平,为农民工提供优质的就业服务和指导。健全和完善资金投入制度,为职业培训提供经费保障。经费短缺是开展农民工职业培训的主要瓶颈。目前,政府财政对农民工职业培训投入有限,在此情况下,农民工培训经费筹集要从其他渠道着手,采用“政府+企业+农民工”共同出资多元化模式。政府财政主要提供基本的培训保障,企业主要为农民工提供上岗培训,农民工个人则主要从个人职业规划出发有选择性地参加培训。政府财政资金要落到实处,企业要从经营利润中提取一定比例的资金用于开展农民工职业培训,并可以申请税费减免。第六,以现代信息技术为基础,建立农民工职业培训新平台。以“互联网+”为代表的现代信息技术快速发展和普及,为开展职业培训创造了新的环境和条件。特别是新生代农民工与老一代农民工在工作观念、生活观念方面存在较大差异,通过构建网络职业培训平台,能够促进农民工职业技能的进一步提高。第七,加强农民工职业培训评价的理论与应用研究,探讨构建农民工职业培训评价指标体系,提高农民工职业培训的实施效果。
[Abstract]:All the countries in the world, the economic and social development in various regions have experienced the process of urbanization. At this stage, although China's economic development into the slow growth of the "new normal", but China is at an important stage of rapid urbanization, accompanied by urbanization, which inevitably causes the transfer of China's economic structure adjustment and the rural population. In essence, urbanization is the agricultural population transfer to non-agricultural industries and towns, promote the transfer of agricultural population of citizens, to promote the transfer of agricultural population into the real life in the city. The process of urbanization of the rural population into urban population, this process is a country in the industrialized. The change of modern society must go through the process. For a long time, the "three rural issues" has become one of the main problems in Chinese socialism development, its core is the Chinese farmers problem. Farmers should be like the other countries in the world after the rapid transformation of city population in the process of urbanization, we must first solve the problem of farmers and transfer into the town, and the influence of the transfer of one of the most important, the most direct factor is the employment of migrant farmers, comprehensive ability, which is the accumulation of human capital and occupation training problems. Especially in our country under the new economic norm, economic transformation and upgrading of industrial structure, leading to "mechanic shortage" problem has become increasingly prominent. Therefore, to solve the migrant workers "employment" and "mechanic shortage" problem has very important practical significance and theoretical value of the harmonious and stable and fast economic development for Chinese the society. With the development of urbanization, the rural population flow into the city and transfer is the common law of social development, but also a country from two yuan into a social element of society In Chinese. The only way which must be passed of characteristic urbanization process, generally experienced two important stages of development from farmers to citizens identity change, the first stage for farmers to migrant workers into the second phase transformation for citizenization of migrant workers. The key lies in the urbanization of migrant workers citizenization, and the key of migrant workers' citizenization is the comprehensive level of migrant workers education and occupation skills. Since the last century in 80s implemented the reform and open policy, our rural surplus labor to city employment, employment areas covering three industries, this is a necessary stage of China's economic and social development. Most of the migrant workers occupation skill low level structure the contradiction between the supply of human resources industry leading to serious side and the demand side, namely the human capital market structure, total surplus serious "shortage" The problem of migrant workers occupation. High mobility features, to the society, the enterprise human capital accumulation and industrial upgrading will inevitably result in adverse effects, compared with city workers, migrant workers in employment level, income level, a significant disadvantage of social security. Practice has proved that only the ideological and moral work skills and comprehensive qualities migrant workers into the city, in order to obtain more employment opportunities, to achieve a relatively stable occupation, obtain a higher level of income, can quickly adapt and integrate into urban life. Due to cultural differences, education, ability level, how to further improve the cultural quality of migrant workers, to further strengthen the continuing education of migrant workers, improve the overall quality of migrant workers let the migrant workers into the city as soon as possible, to foster the citizen concept, enjoy equal rights and obligations, highly recognized by the government And so they became the town's "hero" problem is imminent, this is not only the inherent requirement of China party, but also the internal demand of the masses, but also help to promote and enhance the quality of migrant workers occupation transformation, to achieve the growth of income of migrant workers, speeding up the process of urbanization, it helps to build a comprehensive well-off society in China society. With the transformation and upgrading of China's economic structure and rapid urbanization, the number of migrant workers increased rapidly, their distribution in the various sectors of the national economy, has made great contribution to promoting China's economic and social development. The problem of migrant workers is one of the most important factors in China's economic and social development, social production in China gradually from the human resource intensive to professional skill intensive transformation, labor intensive industry slowdown, will need more high-quality human capital. Human capital city in China There exists a serious contradiction of the supply and demand structure, and migrant workers themselves in characteristics of high mobility, will inevitably lead to serious adverse effects on the enterprise human capital accumulation and industrial upgrading; compared with city workers, migrant workers in employment level, income level, social vulnerable status in significant security and other aspects. Therefore, strengthening the training of migrant workers occupation to promote the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure of our country, is conducive to promoting the rapid transformation of China's economic development mode, to improve the income of migrant workers and social security level, to meet the economic development to enhance the quality of labors. The needs of migrant workers to carry out occupation training can not only improve their own comprehensive quality and working skills, but also can reduce the migrant workers and city labor human capital gap, promote human capital market supply side reforms, and directly affect our country The development of socialist industrialization, urbanization and China characteristics, has very important practical significance. Based on the analysis of problems of China's migrant workers occupation training, according to the micro data of <2014 monitoring survey of migrant workers ", analyzes the influencing factors of migrant workers occupation training needs in our country by using Logit model, and focus on the analysis of the difference between regional and gender differences. The study found that: (1) the level of education significantly affect the migrant workers occupation training needs of migrant workers, with the promotion of the education level, the more likely to participate in the occupation training, as the education level is higher, the higher the level of human capital, so as to promote the increase of income of migrant workers, it will provide economic basis for occupation training more. (2) the age of migrant workers, migrant workers to participate in the occupation training service and the demand for the inverted" U "relationship, specifically, with seniority and age Long, migrant workers to participate in the occupation training needs increasing, then decreasing. (3) there are significant differences between urban and rural areas and gender differences in occupation training needs of migrant workers. Therefore, the government should pay attention to fairness in providing policy support and facilities construction, fully considering the impact of regional and gender differences in occupation training, improve the probability of migrant workers low income group, reasonable release occupation training needs of migrant workers. (4) the accumulation of government subsidies and occupation training in cumulative costs are significantly affect the probability of migrant workers to participate in the occupation training. Has a significant positive correlation between the cumulative probability of government subsidies and migrant workers to participate in the occupation training, occupation training costs in the cumulative probability in the occupation training and migrant workers a significant negative correlation. In view of the above problems on the training of migrant workers occupation analysis and empirical research, put forward the following suggestions First, migrant workers occupation training is a long-term and arduous task, needs the government, enterprises, training institutions and good cooperation to improve the training of migrant workers steadily. The market mechanism of migrant workers occupation, the establishment of market-oriented, government regulation of the training system. The introduction of relevant laws and regulations provide a legal basis for the migrant workers occupation training. Gradually promote the legalization of market occupation training of migrant workers. Second, the government should pay attention to the ideological and moral education of migrant workers, and actively cultivate and practice the socialist core values. The regional differences and gender differences of migrant workers vocational training and pay attention to migrant workers to participate in the occupation training needs, especially low-income migrant workers, promoting fair education training the system, let the social vulnerable groups have equal opportunity of education and training, from the system for migrant workers to participate in vocational training. Third. For security, meet the needs of migrant workers occupation training in China, to adapt to the transformation of the economic structure and the occupation skill requirements. Demand for migrant workers occupation training is larger, but the group of migrant workers occupation has high liquidity, so the enthusiasm of enterprises of migrant workers occupation training is insufficient, government enterprises should provide occupation training the preferential tax policy. Fourth, to encourage the establishment of a relatively stable labor contract relationship between enterprises and migrant workers, the enthusiasm to provide training to improve the occupation of enterprises. To promote the effective combination of advantages of enterprise resources and training institutions, reasonable arrangements for the occupation training, guided by the market demand, according to the actual needs of different industries in different regions, the definition of the training content. Fifth, realize the diversification of migrant workers occupation training. And system realize the diversification of training investment, establishing scientific and reasonable incentive The mechanism, improve the occupation training enthusiasm. Increasing the training subsidy expenditure, establish and improve the migrant workers occupation skills certification system, training and employment recommendation together. In the transition of economy and society, to actively utilize all kinds of resources to improve the level of employment of migrant workers, to provide quality services for migrant workers and employment guidance. To improve and perfect the investment system, funding for the occupation training security. The shortage of funds is a major bottleneck for migrant workers to carry out occupation training. At present, the government limited financial input to the migrant workers occupation training, in this case, the training of migrant workers by raising fees should start from other channels, using the "government + enterprise + migrant workers" jointly funded diversification mode. The government mainly provides basic training guarantee mainly for the migrant workers provide on-the-job training of migrant workers, mainly from the individual personal occupation planning of selectively in Training. The government funds to implement, enterprises should draw a certain proportion from the operating profit of the funds for migrant workers to carry out occupation training, and may apply for tax relief. Sixth, based on the modern information technology, the establishment of a new platform for migrant workers occupation training. The rapid development of modern information technology to "Internet plus" as the representative and the popularity of to create a new environment and conditions for carrying out occupation training. Especially the new generation of migrant workers and the older generation of migrant workers in the concept of work, there is a big difference between the concept of life, by constructing the network platform to promote the occupation training, to further improve the migrant workers occupation skills. Seventh, strengthen the research on the theory and application of migrant workers occupation training evaluation, construction the evaluation index system of occupation training of migrant workers, improve the implementation effect of migrant workers occupation training.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：F299.21;F323.6

【引证文献】