社区社会网络与老年幸福

发布时间：2017-12-27 03:20

  本文关键词：社区社会网络与老年幸福　出处：《山东大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

  更多相关文章： 社区 社会网络 老年人 幸福

【摘要】：老年人的社会交往和心理健康对其生活质量和晚年幸福至关重要。改革开放以来,我国经济取得了长足的发展,老年人物质贫困现象已经大为减少。社会变迁却为老年人带来了另外一种意义上的贫困：精神贫困。子女为了获得更好的发展机会而选择社会流动,使得空巢独居正在成为我国老年人生活方式的主要形态。空巢老人更容易产生失落感、孤独感和焦虑感等情绪,并引发其他许多方面的担忧。因此,就我国养老事业而言：比起物质养老,精神养老所面临的困境更为突出和紧迫。改善老年人的家庭代际关系将会面临较大的伦理困境和成本难题。在家庭养老日渐衰落、居家养老迅速兴起的背景下,邻里关系就成为影响老年人精神健康和晚年幸福的关键因素。老年人在退休之后,受到身体条件的限制和心理因素的影响,他们大部分的时间里都会选择在居住场所周围度过。这就使得邻里关系的作用更加突出。现实中,我国老年人的社区交往同样面临着不断弱化的危险。城市社区的人际冷漠,成为隔在老年人面前的一堵墙。因此,对老年人社区关系网络与主观幸福感的相关关系进行系统而深入的研究,就显得尤为必要。这不仅增进了我们对客观世界的认识,更能够帮助我们寻找促进邻里交往、发展居家养老的实际措施。国内外已有不少研究对社区社会网络与老年人幸福感的关系进行考察。总结发现,这些研究存在三点主要不足。第一,已有的研究要么运用国家宏观统计数据进行量化分析,要么采用质性研究深入社区当中进行调查。量化研究注重精度,却缺乏深度；质性研究有微观上深度,但是没有量化上的精度。缺乏质性、量化相结合的案例研究,使得我们无法对问题进行既精确又深入的考察。第二,已有的研究主要是个体网研究,考察多种社会关系在促进老年人幸福感上的作用。整体网络分析的缺乏,使得我们无法窥探网络结构的重要作用。个体网视角下的幸福感研究,更多是社会学意义上的,而非公共管理意义上的。这样,我们便无法在研究的基础上提出治理意义上的政策建议。第三,已有的研究缺乏比较研究。现今学术界在深入考察社区关系时,往往偏爱挑选单一社区进行考察。这不仅使我们无法建立理解问题的比较视角,研究结论的效度也会大幅降低。社会网络分析法是近年来迅速崛起并日渐成熟的研究方法,也是本文的核心方法。这种方法的优势在于对关系数据的量化处理,以及对网络结构的精确分析。这为我们深入理解社区社会网络,并在社区社会网络与老年人主观幸福感之间建立分析桥梁,提供了技术基础。迄今,城市社区社会网络的整体网研究较为稀少,原因在于整体网研究的条件约束。整体网研究,适合分析关系性质单一、网络边界清晰、网络规模较小的社会网络。而城市社区的社会网络,往往规模过大、异质性强、边界模糊,所以不宜进行整体网络分析。本研究的思路是集中考察小型社区内老年人这一非异质群体的整体网。老年人这个特殊群体由于身心方面的限制,人际关系大部分处在社区之内。他们在社区内能够形成性质单一、规模适中、边界明确的社会网络。这就为我们的整体网研究扫清了条件障碍。本文以学界已有研究成果为基础,以成熟单位社区、半成熟单位社区、半成熟商业社区和新兴商业社区的社区分类为比较前提,运用社会网络分析法来对研究问题进行探索性考察。本文的主要研究问题包括两个：第一,在单一社区内部,社区社会网络对老年人主观幸福感的影响机制是什么?第二,在各个社区之间,老年人主观幸福感在不同网络中的差异性在何处?研究的实地调查于2014年7月至12月进行,调查地点选在某东部城市的四个城市社区。本案例研究的成果包含两大部分：假设检验和后续分析。研究假设是问题研究的主要方向,假设检验是研究结论的主体骨架。后续分析是案例研究的特有环节,它是针对问题细节进行的深入考察。这两部分的分析,使得整个研究兼顾宏观与微观、精度与深度,既有骨有架,也有血有肉。下面,我们简述本文的主要成果。以研究问题为导向,本文假设检验的结果也分为两大部分：基于社区内部社会网络的研究结果,和基于社区之间社会网络的类比分析。基于社区内部社会网络的研究结果表明：在各个社区内部,老年人在社区社会网络中的局部中心度越高、整体中心度越低、特征向量中心度越高、中间中心度越高,其主观幸福感越高。通俗地讲,老年人在局部圈子中的受欢迎程度越高,在整个社区网络中的受欢迎程度越高,融入到社区核心交往圈子的程度越高,越处于沟通社区关系的“中间人”的位置,其主观幸福感相应就会越高。这个结果从局部、整体、位置和结构等多个角度,验证了社区社会网络在促进老年人幸福感上的积极作用。基于社区之间社会网络的类比分析看：①各个类型社区老年人主观幸福感的高低排序依次是：成熟单位制社区半成熟单位制社区半成熟商业社区=新兴商业社区。②各个类型社区社会网络核心区域老年人主观幸福感的高低排序是：成熟单位制社区=半成熟单位制社区半成熟商业社区=新兴商业社区。③各个类型社区社会网络边缘区域老年人主观幸福感的高低排序是：成熟单位制社区半成熟单位制社区=半成熟商业社区=新兴商业。④各个类型社区社会网络散点区域老年人在主观幸福感上不存在社区差异。对上述结果进行总结可以发现：单位社区和商业社区老年人在主观幸福感上的差异,主要是由社区社会网络核心区域老年人主观幸福感的社区差异引发的；成熟单位制社区和半成熟单位制社区老年人在主观幸福感上的差异,主要是由社会网络边缘区域老年人主观幸福感的社区差异引发的。这样,社区性质和社区年龄在塑造社区社会网络中的不同作用,就被清楚地揭示出来了。后续分析部分的结果包含三个部分：竞争性假设分析、异常个案分析、其他有趣发现。竞争性假设分析是对对立假设的合理性进行判断,并从反面考察原假设的合理性。分析结果表明：①在各个社区内,拥有不同中心度的老人,其平均幸福感并非随着中心度的提高而平滑上升,而是呈现交错上升的态势。②单位小区在促进老人幸福感上不一定会起积极的作用。某些单位社区中的利益纠纷、人情过重、闲言碎语等现象,会给老人带来不小的困扰。虽然上述竞争性的假设存在着一定的合理性,然而不足以推翻原有的研究假设。这部分的分析也为我们的假设修正提供了启发。异常个案分析是对那些不符合研究假设的个案进行深入解剖,并从侧面考察原假设的合理性。分析结果表明：①某些局部中心度较高的老人幸福感反倒较低,健康原因是拉低这部分老人幸福感主要的原因。②某些局部中心度较低的老人幸福感反倒较高。单位社区老年人的原因解释是社会网络场域,商业社区老年人的原因解释是社区外交往。③相对于单位社区,某些老人更加喜欢商业社区。有些老人天性安静不喜交往,故此喜爱商业社区；有些老人则希望在商业小区中结识更多朋友以拓宽眼界。综合来看,那些与原研究假设情况相左的典型个体,我们都能够对其原因给予合理解释。这部分的分析,也为我们揭示出冰冷假设背后丰富而活泼的社会现象。其他有趣发现是对超越假设之外、却与假设相关的发现作进一步分析,好对基于假设的研究成果进行必要补充。在这部分的分析中,我们取得了不少有趣发现。譬如,我们发现了老年人社区朋友数目在幸福感收益上存在边际效应递减的现象,我们发现了健康状况对于幸福感不同维度的不同作用,我们发现了居住时间通过塑造老年人的社会社会网络来对其主观幸福感带来的潜在影响,我们发现了老年人社区社会网络在年龄段上的割裂现象,我们还发现了老年人社区社会网络的幸福图谱,等。这些研究发现不仅加深了我们对研究问题的认识,更为我们确认需求、提出政策开启了思路。文章的末尾是政策建议。政策建议提出,是以“确定需求”为前提的。本文的研究结论揭示了两大事实：就社区内部而言,社会网络在促进老年人幸福感上具有重要作用；就社区之间而言,单位社区社会网络在促进老年人幸福感上具有显著优势。这必然会引发我们对“需求”的确认和思考：在各个社区内部,社区社会网络各个维度会受到哪些因素的影响和制约?在各个社区之间,单位社区社会网络的优势是由哪些因素造成的?这些因素是否能够通过某种途径复制到商业社区中去?对于第一个问题是的回答,有助于帮助我们制定针对特定老人的公共政策,对于第二个问题的回答,有助于帮助我们制定针对整个社区的公共政策。受到后续分析的启发,我们从性别、年龄、居住位置、居住时间四个方面,对社区社会网络的制约因素进行分析。分析发现,不同性别、年龄、居住位置和居住时间的老人,彼此之间存在着程度不一的交往隔阂。这种隔阂使得某些老人在社区社会网络中处于劣势地位,他们的幸福感也相应较低。在确认需求的基础上,我们提出一系列政策措施,来促进网络中处于劣势地位老人的主观幸福感。另外,我们还从从交往明星和共同行动两个方面对社区社会网络的推动因素进行解读。共同行动要素的发现,提供了将单位社区网络优势复制到商业社区的有效途径。本文的最后一章里,我们从代表性问题和动态性问题两个方面,对本研究的不足进行了说明,并对未来的研究做一个初步的展望。
[Abstract]:The social interaction and mental health of the elderly are crucial to their quality of life and the happiness of their late years. Since the reform and opening up, the economy of our country has made great progress, and the phenomenon of material poverty of the elderly has been greatly reduced. Social change has brought another sense of poverty for the elderly: mental poverty. In order to get better opportunities for development, children choose social mobility, making empty nest living alone is becoming the main form of life style for the elderly in China. Empty nesters are more likely to produce feelings of loss, loneliness, and anxiety, and cause many other concerns. Therefore, as far as China's pension enterprise is concerned, the dilemma facing the old-age pension is more prominent and urgent than the material pension. The improvement of the intergenerational relations of the elderly will face greater ethical and cost problems. In the background of the decline of family pension and the rapid rise of home pension, the neighbourhood relationship has become the key factor affecting the mental health of the elderly and the happiness of the old. After retirement, the elderly are affected by physical conditions and psychological factors, and they spend most of their time living around the place of residence. This makes the role of neighbourhood more prominent. In reality, the community contacts of the elderly in our country are also faced with the danger of continuous weakening. The interpersonal apathy of the urban community has become a wall in front of the elderly. Therefore, it is particularly necessary to carry out a systematic and in-depth study of the relationship between the community relationship network and the subjective well-being of the elderly. This not only enhances our understanding of the objective world, but also helps us to find practical measures to promote neighbourhood communication and develop home care for the elderly. There has been a lot of research at home and abroad on the relationship between community social network and the well-being of the elderly. It is found that there are three main deficiencies in these studies. First, the existing research is either using the national macro statistical data for quantitative analysis or using qualitative research into the community to investigate. Quantitative research focuses on precision but lacks depth; qualitative research has a micro depth, but has no quantitative accuracy. The lack of qualitative and quantitative combination of case studies makes it impossible for us to make an accurate and thorough investigation of the problem. Second, the existing research is mainly on the study of individual network to examine the role of many social relationships in promoting the well-being of the elderly. The lack of overall network analysis makes it impossible for us to spy on the important role of the network structure. The study of happiness from the perspective of the individual network is more sociological, not in the sense of public management. In this way, we can not put forward the policy recommendations in the sense of governance on the basis of the study. Third, there is no comparative study of existing research. At present, the academic community often prefers to select a single community for a thorough investigation of community relations. This not only makes it impossible for us to establish a comparative perspective of understanding, but also a significant reduction in the validity of the research conclusions. The social network analysis method is the research method of rapid rise and maturing in recent years, and it is also the core method of this article. The advantage of this approach lies in the quantitative processing of relational data and the accurate analysis of the network structure. This provides a technical basis for a deep understanding of community social networks and the establishment of an analytical bridge between community social networks and the subjective well-being of the elderly. So far, the research on the overall network of urban community social networks is scarce because of the constraints of the overall network research. The study of the whole network is suitable for the analysis of a social network with a single relationship, a clear network boundary, and a small network. However, the social network of urban communities is often too large, heterogeneous and blurred, so it is not suitable for the overall network analysis. The idea of this study is to focus on the overall network of the non - heterogeneous group in the small community. Because of the physical and mental limitations of this special group of the elderly, most of them are within the community. They can form a social network with a single, moderate and clear border in the community. This has cleared the conditions for our overall network research. Based on the existing research results in the academic circles, we take the community of mature units, semi mature communities, semi mature business communities and new business communities as the precondition, and use social network analysis to explore the research questions. The main research question of this paper includes two aspects: first, in the single community, what is the social network effects on the mechanism of the subjective well-being of the elderly? Second, in every community, differences in different networks where the subjective well-being of the elderly? The field survey was conducted from July 2014 to December. The survey sites selected in the four city community an eastern city. The results of this case study include two major parts: hypothesis testing and follow-up analysis. The research hypothesis is the main direction of the problem research, and the hypothesis test is the main skeleton of the research conclusion. The follow-up analysis is a special link of case study. It is an in-depth study of the details of the problem. The analysis of these two parts makes the whole study take both the macro and micro, the precision and the depth, both the bone and the flesh. Next, we give a brief account of the main results of this article. Guided by research questions, this paper assumes that the results of the test are also divided into two parts: the results based on the social network within the community, and the analogy analysis based on the social network between the communities. The research results based on the community internal social network show that: the higher the local centrality of the elderly in the community social network, the lower the overall centrality, the higher the centrality of the feature vector and the higher the middle centrality, the higher the subjective well-being of the elderly. Generally speaking,
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：C913.6;C912.3
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本文编号：1340038