陕甘宁边区人权法律保障探析

发布时间：2017-12-27 14:23

  本文关键词：陕甘宁边区人权法律保障探析　出处：《西南政法大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

  更多相关文章： 陕甘宁边区 人权 法律保障

【摘要】：陕甘宁边区根据地由原陕甘宁苏区革命根据地沿革而来,1937年抗战爆发以后,正式更名为陕甘宁边区,作为十年内战时期保存下来的唯一的根据地,有其重要的历史地位,可以说只有它具备了由苏维埃工农民主制度到民主共和国制度转变的现实条件,而在这些条件之中,中国共产党保障人权的法治实践是重中之重,对陕甘宁红色政权的发展壮大,乃至新中国的成立都具有重要的意义。近代中国战争,使中国人民丧失基本生存权利,人权遭到无情的践踏。近代中国的百年史是中国人民为争取人权不懈努力抗争的历史。经过历史的考验和洗涤,中国共产党及其领导的武装力量扬起了为人民生存权、国家独立权而战的大旗。同时,中国共产党认为:抗日与民主互为条件、政治权利是对各项人权的最集中体现,因而把争取人民的生存权和政治权利作为中心环节。中国共产党在要求国民党结束一党专制独裁政体,变为各党各阶级合作民主政体的同时,在其领导的抗日根据地进行了民主政治、保障人权的法治实践。陕甘宁边区是中共人权思想最为重要的实践场,是当时马克思主义人权思想运用的典型代表。制定颁发了大量权利保障的法律文件,浓缩体现了中国共产党人权思想的主张。边区的法制和人权建设在党的历史上具有特殊的贡献和重要的地位。陕甘宁边区的人权法律保障是在战争破坏的背景下,在积贫积弱的边区条件下展开,并取得难能可贵的成果。在全国乃至国际上都产生了深刻的影响,曾一度吸引大量的外国记者和国际友人慕名前来考察。提高了中国共产党在国内和国际上的影响力,并为中国共产党赢得大量的民众支持,为红色民主政权奠定了扎实的群众基础。边区人权法律保障的过程中积累了大量的宝贵经验,即使从人权保障日臻完善的今天来看,当时的边区人权法律保障仍具有相当的借鉴之处。论文从边区人权的立法保障、执法保障到司法保障层层展开论述,将边区对人权的法律保障系统、客观、全面的呈现出来,并在此基础上总结边区人权法律保障的历史经验和现实启示。正文共分为五章:第一章“陕甘宁边区人权保障概述”。本章对陕甘宁边区成立之前中国共产党人权保障的理论和实践背景进行了介绍。1915年开始的新文化运动使广大的知识青年受到了先进民主科学思想的洗礼,从而实现了思想的空前解放,在中国掀起了生机勃勃的思想解放潮流,为马克思主义在中国的广泛传播创造了条件。随着马克思主义传入中国,马克思主义人权思想被中国先进的知识分子接受和传播,产生了一批具有初步共产主义思想的知识分子,他们的人权思想开始萌芽。中国共产党成立以后,运用马克思主义的思想武器,进行了一系列改善中国人民人权的初步尝试,并成立了中华苏维埃共和国。苏维埃政权展开了一系列保障人权的立法建设,为陕甘宁边区的法制建设奠定了基础。同时由于陕甘宁边区是处在特殊历史背景下的,地方自治政权具有独特的历史特点,因而需要对边区人权问题经行整体的界定,主要考察抗日战争和反对国民党一党专政的斗争对人权问题的映射,从宏观上把握陕甘宁人权问题。第二章“陕甘宁边区人权的立法保障”。陕甘宁边区建立的新型民主法制,是边区时期党中央政策的具体化,代表着广大人民利益,获得了工农阶级的拥护,是边区政权在艰苦环境下能够发展扩大的重要原因。陕甘宁边区的人权立法服务于抗日战争和解放战争这一中心任务。立法过程是马列主义、毛泽东思想与中国实践情况在法律领域不断融合完善的过程。本章概括了陕甘宁边区人权法律保障的几种主要的立法形式:宪法及宪法性质的法律法规、组织法、经济及民事立法、刑事立法、行政立法、诉讼立法等。分别对几种立法进行简要概括的基础上,对不同法律渊源的人权保障内容进行了阐释:第一,施政纲领性的法律文件确立了人权保障的基本原则和基本内容,当时主要的纲领性法律文件主要有五部,规定了人权保障的基本内容以及人权保障的基本制度和措施,对于调整各利益阶层的关系,建立抗日民族统一战线具有重要意义。《陕甘宁边区保障人权财权条例》,是人权保障专门性的法律,在边区人权保障史,乃至中国人权发展史上都具有非同一般的作用,它明确了人权的主体和法律概念,并且将人权保障的各种措施具体化。可见,边区的宪法性文件具有争取民族独立与人权的斗争纲领的性质;第二,为了保障边区人民的选举权和被选举权,扩大民主权利的范围,同时为了团结各党派各阶级人民共同抗战,巩固抗日民族统一战线,使选举制度化并保证其正确胜利地进行,边区政府在继承了第二次国内革命战争时期选举制度优良传统的基础上,相继颁布了一系列选举法规、选举条例、条例实施的具体办法以及调整选举机关组织与活动的法规,这一系列法律文件,规定了选举权和被选举权保障的具体内容和措施。在保障人民选举权的过程中,中国共产党创造并确立了“三三制”原则,是边区民主政治建设的重要组成部分,对边区民主政治建设起了巨大的推动作用;第三,边区的经济民事立法,主要涉及土地、劳动、婚姻家庭等方面的立法,这些立法从不同的方面保障了边区人民的财产权、劳动权等,涉及的内容丰富全面;第四,根据不同时期不同的历史任务,边区的刑事立法,规定了不同的罪名和对应的刑罚种类。抗战时期,运用刑罚手段,惩治汉奸反动派,保卫边区和抗战,是当时刑事立法的主要任务。解放战争时期,人民民主政权的刑事立法多采用人民民主政权或人民解放军宣言、命令或布告的形式颁布。边区的刑事立法,是在革命人道主义原则的指导下制定的,并依据不同的历史条件而具体化;第五,在边区行政法设计思想中,始终以群众路线为原则、以人民满意为重要标准。此部分分别对行政监督立法、行政组织立法、部门行政法以及公务员法中涉及人权保障的内容和原则进行了梳理;第六,诉讼立法是保障人权的重要法律规定,在保障人权的法律体系中占有显著的地位。陕甘宁边区为保证公正司法,防止冤假错案及徇情枉法等弊端的出现,制定了一系列诉讼法规,明确规定了司法、检察和保安机关,在办理民刑案件时的基本要求、相互关系和办案程序及诉讼参与人的权利义务等。第三章“陕甘宁边区人权的行政执法保障”。边区政府主要的行政执法活动主要涉及经济、社会、科教文卫、妇女解放、“二流子”改造等方面。在行政执法的过程中,边区行政机关从人权保障的根本目的出发,注重行政执法的手段和目的的统一性。文章首先阐述在几类行政执法活动中,人权保障法律是如何被执行的,并进一步总结陕甘宁边区行政执法体制的特点:政执法过程中人民群众的广泛参与、以政府执法为主,以其他机关和组织执法为辅、集体领导与分工负责相结合,同时分别从这三个特点入手对人权保障制度和原则的具体化展开分析。第四章“陕甘宁边区人权的司法保障”。边区参议会和政府指出司法工作的目的,在于与反革命分子以及一切刑事犯罪进行合法、准确、及时的斗争,进一步维护边区秩序,巩固边区政权,保障人民的合法权益。从边区法律的本质出发,在诉讼活动中,必须严格区分违法与犯罪,罪与非罪的界限,准确地打击犯罪分子,坚决依法保护诉讼当事人的合法权益,保护人民群众的切身利益,绝不允许伤害任何无辜的人民。保障人权的原则同时贯穿在边区的司法工作之中,主要包括为了人民,方便人民;法律面前人人平等;重证据而不轻信口供的原则,这些原则对于增强了司法干部的法制观念,提升群众的权利意识,改善司法工作具有重要的价值。在行使拘捕权和审判权的过程中,严格遵循拘捕、审判权相统一的原则。在审判工作中也严格以“保障人民群众的利益”为最高原则,从案件的审理方式、诉讼程序、诉讼费用等方面给人民便利。在公开审理、代理辩护制度、上诉制度、人民陪审制度、复核和审判监督制度、巡回法庭和法官下乡就地审判制度等具体的审判制度中,人权保障的内容和原则贯穿其中。陕甘宁边区狱政工作中的人权保障工作,成绩斐然、特色突出,它是在继承中华苏维埃共和国时期教育感化犯人政策的基础上发展起来,并在运用中,将其具体化为“犯人是人,尊重犯人人格”、“教育为主,教育与劳动生产相结合”、“实行革命人道主义,感化教育罪犯”三点。陕甘宁边区政府,以新民主主义政策、法律为指导,结合边区的政治情况和犯人特点,批判地吸收了资产阶级犯人自治的某些合理的因素和形式,创立了崭新的监狱犯人自治制度。文中对两种主要的犯人自治组织在犯人权利保障过程中发挥的作用进行了介绍。同时,边区政府和高等法院十分重视犯人的生活管理和待遇,把它视为感化教育和改造犯人必不可少的物质条件。第五章“陕甘宁边区人权法律保障的历史意义和现实启示”。文章从战争、边区建设、民心向背三个方面对陕甘宁边区人权法律保障的历史意义进行了概括。从战争的角度看它奠定了战争胜利的思想基础、法制基础和政权基础;从边区建设的角度看,它促进了边区社会、政治、经济建设,巩固了边区民主制和党的领导;从民心向背的角度看,它提高了民众的凝聚力和积极性、提升了民众向上的信念。中国共产党在陕甘宁边区积极推进保障人权的民主政治建设,制定和颁布了大量的法律规范,是对马克思主义人权思想的伟大实践,是整个中国革命和人权保障事业的重要组成部分。形成的具有中国特色的人权理论,既不同与西方,也不同于苏俄及当时的国民政府。在建设人权法治的今天,探析陕甘宁边区人权保障的法治理论及实践,总结问题和经验,对当下人权建设具有重要的意义。从陕甘宁边区人权法律保障的实践中可以得出,要理顺人权保障中的四种关系:人权与政权、人权与政党、人权与主权、人权理论与人权实践,只有这样才能从根本上实现人权保障。不容否认,陕甘宁边区人权法律保障,受当时历史条件的限制,主要是战争环境的影响,存在一定的缺点和不足,但是瑕不掩瑜,边区的法制和人权建设具有特殊的历史贡献,其法制建设和社会改造的经验对当下社会转型时期,健全协商民主制度、推进社会主义民主政治建设、推进马克思主义的中国化,扩大新时期爱国统一战线等具有重要的启示作用。
[Abstract]:According to the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region Shaanxi Gansu Soviet revolutionary base of, after the outbreak of war in 1937, officially renamed the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region, preserved as a ten year civil war only base, has its important position in the history, it can be said that only have the actual conditions of the Democratic Republic of the system to change by Soviet democracy, and in these conditions, the practice of law protection of human rights of the Communist Party of Chinese is priority among priorities, strengthen development of red political power in Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia, has important significance to establish the new and China. In the modern China war, the Chinese people lost their basic right to live, and human rights were ruthlessly tramped. The hundred year history of modern China is the history of the Chinese people's unremitting efforts to fight for human rights. After the test and washing of history, the Communist Party of China and its armed forces led the banner of fighting for the people's right to live and the independence of the state. At the same time, the Communist Party of China holds that anti Japanese and democracy are mutually conditional, and that political rights are the most concentrated embodiment of all kinds of human rights. Therefore, we should strive for the right to subsistence and political rights of the people as the central link. In the end China Communist authoritarian dictatorship, to the class party democratic cooperation at the same time, in the leadership of the Anti Japanese base of democracy, human rights protection law practice. The Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border area is the most important practice field of the human rights thought of the Communist Party of China, and is the typical representative of the application of Marx's Thought on human rights at that time. The formulation of a large number of legal documents which issued a large number of rights protection reflects the idea of the human rights of the Communist Party of China. The legal system of the border area and the construction of human rights have a special contribution and important position in the history of the party. The legal protection of human rights is the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region is destroyed in the war in the background, in the poor and weak border conditions, and obtain valuable results. Will have a profound impact on the national and international, once attracted large amounts of foreign journalists and international friends come to study. It has improved the influence of the Communist Party of China on the domestic and international level, and won a lot of support for the Chinese Communist Party, and laid a solid mass foundation for the red democratic regime. The border area has accumulated a lot of valuable experience in the process of legal protection of human rights, even though the protection of human rights is improving day by day, the border area's human rights legal protection still has considerable reference. From the legislative guarantee, law enforcement guarantee to the judicial guarantee level of the border area, this paper will discuss the border area's legal guarantee system for human rights, objectively and comprehensively, and summarize the historical experience and realistic enlightenment of the border area's human rights legal protection on this basis. The text is divided into five chapters: the first chapter, "a summary of the protection of human rights in the Shanxi Gansu Ningxia border region". This chapter introduces the theoretical and practical background of the human rights protection of the Communist Party of China before the establishment of the Shanxi Gansu Ningxia border region. The new culture movement which started in 1915 enabled the educated youth to be baptized by the advanced democratic scientific thoughts, so as to realize the unprecedented liberation of thought and set off a vigorous trend of ideological emancipation in China, creating the conditions for the wide spread of Marx doctrine in China. With the introduction of Marx doctrine to China, Marx's human rights thought was accepted and disseminated by the advanced intellectuals in China, and a group of intellectuals with initial communism came into being. Their human rights thoughts began to germinate. After the founding of the Communist Party of China, Marx made a series of attempts to improve the Chinese people's human rights and set up the Soviet Republic of China. The Soviet regime launched a series of legislative construction to safeguard human rights, laying a foundation for the legal construction of the Shanxi Gansu Ningxia border region. At the same time because of the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region is in a special historical background, local self-government has unique historical characteristics, it is necessary to the human rights issue the overall definition, mainly on the mapping of Anti Japanese War and the struggle against the Kuomintang's one party dictatorship on the issue of human rights, grasp the ShaanGanNing human rights issues from the macro. The second chapter "the legislative guarantee of the human rights in the Shanxi Gansu Ningxia border region". The new democracy and legality established in the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region is the concretion of the Party Central Committee's policy in the border area. It represents the interests of the broad masses and the support of the workers and peasants. It's an important reason for the expansion of the border regime in a difficult environment. The human rights legislation in the Shanxi Gansu Ningxia border region serves the central task of the war of resistance against Japan and the war of liberation. The legislative process is a process of integration and perfection of Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong's thought and the practice of China in the legal field. This chapter summarizes the main legislative forms of the legal protection of human rights in the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia Border Region: the laws and regulations of the Constitution and constitutional nature, the organic law, the economic and civil legislation, the criminal legislation, the administrative legislation, and the litigation legislation. Based on several brief summary of the legislation for the protection of human rights, the content of different sources of law are explained: first, the legal documents of the programme to establish the basic principles of human rights and the basic content of the programmatic legal document there are mainly five parts, the basic content of the protection of human rights and basic system and measures for the protection of human rights, to adjust the relationship between various interest groups, it is important to set up the Anti Japanese National United front. "Human rights protection of the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region regulations" is the guarantee of human rights, special law, protection of human rights in the history, and the history of the development of human rights Chinese has extraordinary effect, it is clear the main body of human rights and legal concepts, and various measures of human rights protection concrete. It can be seen that the constitutional documents of the border areas have the nature of the programme for the struggle for national independence and human rights. Second, in order to ensure the selection of the people in the border areas.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D929;D921
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本文编号：1342057