法律起源的进化动力学模型

发布时间：2018-03-25 18:37

本文选题：法律起源　切入点：进化动力学　出处：《北京林业大学》2017年博士后论文

【摘要】：本文采用进化生物学(进化动力学)方法研究法律的起源,揭示一般意义上的法律现象在人类历史中的进化起源过程,并在法律起源的进化生物学解释框架中重新审视法律与道德的关系、法学数学化以及进化法理学等法学与生物学交叉研究论题。法律起源研究是观察和探讨一切现代法律现象的前提,是法理学的基础问题之一。不同法学流派以及哲学、人类学、社会学或心理学等学科都对这一问题提出了不同的解释,但至今仍无法取得共识。如果仍然局限于传统研究范式,其研究取得重大进展的可能性已经不大。生物进化既包括有机体进化,也包括文化进化,二者均为进化生物学的研究对象。法律是一种文化现象,而文化现象至少1,400万年前就已在生物界中出现并进化至今,因此法律必定脱胎于文化进化史的某个阶段,这就为在法律起源问题研究中引入进化生物学范式提供了可能。数百万年来人类一直生活于小型的“狩猎-采集者”社会,并形成了与之相适应的“石器时代心灵”,其社会规则主要由亲缘选择、直接互惠、间接互惠、网络选择、群体选择和强互惠等进化动力学机制塑造并呈现自发演化状态。约1.1万年前全新世之初的农业起源导致人类社会规模迅速扩大,但上述进化动力学机制由于人的社会认知能力局限性等原因而无法为大型社会提供足够支撑。这一进化两难命题促使人类社会演化出强互惠者联盟,由它塑造的社会规则具有第三方性、非自发性和权威性等最低限度的法律特征。在动态的进化博弈视角中,小型社会不存在法律但对于大型社会法律却不可或缺,因此法律的起源就可转化为最早的持久性大型社会何时、何地以及如何在人类历史上出现的问题。从目前的考古进展来看,世界上最早的法律很可能约10,300年前至约9,300年前起源于亚洲西部的古代黎凡特社会。法律起源的进化生物学解释为重新理解法律与道德的关系提供了启示。20世纪50年代的“哈特-富勒”论战堪称法学史上的一座里程碑,在国内外法学界引发了大量回应性文献,但迄今人们仍未能就其主题——法律与道德的关系取得共识。进化生物学既研究有机体进化也研究文化进化,而法律与道德均属文化现象,因而可采用进化生物学方法予以研究。通过静态与动态的二元区分,在更广阔的文化进化大背景之中重新审视二者之间的关系,将会发现在静态上法律与道德并无必然的联系,但在动态上法律的演化仍然要服从某种更高的进化法则,由此在进化生物学的视野中获得关于“哈特-富勒”论战的全新理解。法律起源的进化生物学解释为法学数学化进程开辟了新路径。法学数学化的模式主要包括数学对法学的观念影响、数学在法学的直接应用以及数学通过其他学科在法学的间接应用,系统科学、行为科学、统计学、经济学以及博弈论等是第三种模式的典型路径并大致分为计量法学与数理法学两个方向。进化生物学一直对法学有重要影响,通过把法律视为广义的进化现象并对法律进化的单位、法律的小进化和大进化以及法律进化的近因和远因等予以厘清,作为进化生物学数学化最新成果的进化动力学可被引入法学研究并能整合法学中的数学思想与进化思想。法律的进化动力学分析是继法律的博弈分析之后法学数学化的新路径,同样以研究动态的法律现象为主但研究范围更广,采用微分和差分方程对法律起源过程的数学描述是其有力例证。法律起源的进化生物学解释为进化法理学的未来发展奠定了基础。前达尔文时代的西方法理学就已存在朴素的法律进化思想,但直到19世纪进化论的确立才导致了进化法理学的诞生。早期研究主要集中于探讨法律进化理论,当前侧重于进化论范式在具体法律问题中的应用以及一般进化法理学的构建等。尽管众多法学家认同法律进化的思想,但进化法理学作为一个法学流派却一直游离于西方法理学的中心地带之外。法律是一种文化现象,借鉴现代进化生物学在文化进化研究中取得的最新进展,构建基于文化进化的法律进化理论并以此为基础整合进化法理学,是进化法理学取得与其他进化社会科学类似成功的重要选择之一。
[Abstract]:This paper uses evolutionary biology (evolutionary dynamics) method to study the origin of law, legal process reveals the evolutionary origin of the general sense of the phenomenon in human history, and evolutionary biology in the origin of law interpretation of the relationship between law and morality to examine in the framework of law, mathematical and evolutionary law and jurisprudence etc. biology research topics. The origin of law is the premise to observe and discuss all modern legal phenomenon, is one of the basic issues of jurisprudence. Different schools of law, philosophy, anthropology, sociology and psychology disciplines have put forward different explanation for this problem, but is still unable to reach a consensus. If it is still confined to the traditional research paradigm, the possibility research significant progress has not. Biological evolution includes organic evolution, including the evolution of culture, the two are the research of evolutionary biology Object. The law is a kind of cultural phenomenon and cultural phenomenon, at least 14 million years ago in the biological world and has evolved, so the law must be based on the evolutionary history of a culture stage, which is introduced in the research paradigm of evolutionary biology in the origin of law provides to mankind has been living in small. "Hunter gatherers" Society for millions of years, and formed the "Stone Age" of the heart, the social rules mainly by kin selection, direct reciprocity and indirect reciprocity, network selection, group selection and strong reciprocity mechanism and has shaped the evolutionary dynamics of spontaneous evolution. The origin of agriculture about 11 thousand years ago at the beginning of the Holocene human society lead to the rapid expansion of the scale, but the evolutionary dynamics mechanism because of the social cognitive ability limitations and other reasons cannot provide enough support to the large society. The evolutionary dilemma made human society evolved strong reciprocity by the alliance, it shapes the social rules with third party, legal characteristics of non spontaneous and authoritative minimum. In the evolutionary game theory from the perspective of dynamic, small law society does not exist but indispensable for large social law, so the origin of the law can be transformed when is the earliest large persistent social problems, where and how they appear in human history. From the current progress of the archaeological point of view, the world's first law is likely to be about 10300 years ago to about 9300 years ago originated in Western Asia ancient Levant society. Evolutionary biology explanation for the origin of law the relationship between re understanding of law and morality provides the inspiration.20 century 50s "Hart Fuller" controversy is a milepost in legal history, in the domestic and foreign law circles caused a lot of back Of literature, but so far it is still not the theme of the relationship between law and moral consensus. Both the evolutionary biology of organism evolution of cultural evolution, and law and moral are cultural phenomenon, which can be used to study methods of evolutionary biology. By distinguishing between static and dynamic two yuan, to re-examine the relationship between the cultural background of the broader evolution among the two, will be found in the static state and the moral law does not necessarily linked, but in the dynamic evolution of law still have to obey some higher laws of evolution, thus obtained a new understanding about the "Hart Fuller" controversy in evolutionary biology field. Opened up a new the path of evolutionary biology explanation for the origin of law of law of mathematics mathematical model. The process of law mainly includes the influence of the legal concept of mathematics, mathematics in law should be directly And mathematics from other disciplines in the indirect application of law, system science, behavioral science, statistics, economics and the game theory is a typical path of the third models is divided into measurement Law and mathematical law in two directions. Evolutionary biology has important influence on the law, the law as a generalized evolutionary phenomenon and the law of evolution of the unit, the law of evolution and evolution of small and the law of evolution of the proximate and remote to clarify the evolutionary dynamics of evolutionary biology mathematics as the latest achievements can be introduced into legal research and integration of mathematical thinking and thought of evolution law. The evolutionary dynamics analysis of law is the law of mathematics new path after the game analysis of law, similarly to the legal phenomenon of dynamic research but research more broadly, the differential and difference equations on the origin of law process The mathematical description is a powerful example of evolutionary biology. The origin of law laid the foundation for the future development of the evolutionary interpretation of jurisprudence. Western jurisprudence before Darwin had legal evolutionary thought simple, but established until nineteenth Century evolution has led to the birth of the evolution of jurisprudence. Early studies mainly focus on the theory of legal evolution. The current focus on the evolutionary paradigm in the application of specific legal issues in the construction and evolution of jurisprudence. Although many jurists agree that the law thought of evolution, but the heart of the evolution of jurisprudence as a law school has been free from the western jurisprudence. The law is a kind of cultural phenomenon, the latest development of modern evolutionary biology in the study of cultural evolution, cultural evolution law based on evolution theory and on the basis of the integration of evolutionary theory Learning is one of the important choices of evolutionary jurisprudence to achieve similar successes to other evolutionary social sciences.

【学位授予单位】：北京林业大学
【学位级别】：博士后
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D90

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