优秀女子500m速度滑冰运动员速度节奏及专项力量肌肉用力特征研究

发布时间：2018-05-14 09:57

本文选题：女子 + 短距离速度滑冰　；参考：《上海体育学院》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：研究目的：1）速度节奏是影响体能主导类竞速项目运动成绩的关键因素，且体能分配不合理已成为制约我国短距离速度滑冰快速发展的瓶颈。优秀运动员全程速度节奏特征是该项目的重要制胜因素，研究和把握该因素是提高运动成绩的快速途径。为充实我国女子短距离速度滑冰速度节奏训练理论，提高训练实践的科学性和实效性，促进项目的快速发展，研究了优秀女子500米速度滑冰全程速度节奏特征；2）专项力量的训练水平在很大程度上影响了短距离速度滑冰运动员的竞技能力，未抓住和把握速度滑冰专项力量的肌肉用力特征致使力量训练实践出现盲目和低效问题。为了提高力量训练的专项性、针对性和实效性以促进项目的快速发展，研究了我国女子短距离速度滑冰运动员的专项力量肌肉用力特征。研究方法：通过数字滑冰场测试和国际滑联官方网站查询了短距离速度滑冰运动员的分段比赛数据，在数理统计和理论分析的基础上研究了优秀女子500m速度滑冰运动员全程速度节奏特征。运用ME6000肌电测试系统和高清摄像机Panasonic，同步采集我国优秀女子500m速度滑冰运动员冰上专项和陆地模仿下肢蹬冰过程的专项力量肌肉用力特征。原始肌电由ME6000自带软件MEGWIN分析处理，导出RMS、iEMG和均方根肌电图。RMS肌电幅值标准化和时间归一，以及肌电模型互相关和肌电模型图在matlab7.0中完成。肌肉做功百分比图和肌肉激活强度图在origin7.0中完成。研究结论： 1.优秀女子500m速度滑冰运动员全程速度节奏具有较强的规律性，其节奏特征是：外道滑行时，第一直段快速加速，第一弯道稳定增速，，第二直段缓慢增速后维持高速滑行，第二弯道明显降速后维持速度滑行，第三直段调整后努力维持速度滑行；内道滑行时，前100米快速加速，112米分段降低加速节奏，第一弯道保持速度稳定增长；出第一弯道后速度增长放慢，然后在入第二弯道前匀速前进；第二弯道仍然保持较稳定的速度节奏，出第二弯道后适时降速缓冲，然后努力维持高速滑进。 2.在女子500m速度滑冰中，前100米成绩和最大速度能力是获取优异运动成绩的基础，加速节奏和维持高速滑跑能力对运动成绩有较大影响；合理控制入第一弯内道和第二弯内道速度，出第二弯道应适时主动缓冲，不宜强行加速。 3.我国优秀女子500m速度滑冰运动员支撑腿动作技术稳定，且肌肉用力特征相似：胫骨前肌和股前群肌是主要做功肌群，胫骨前肌的屈过程激活程度更大，而股前群肌是蹬伸过程的激活程度更大，胫骨前肌着冰前就处于持续发力状态，蹬冰时灭活，股前群肌着冰前出现预激活，离冰时灭活。构建的个体及集体肌电模型均具有较高参考借鉴价值。 4.陆地直道模仿与冰上直道支撑腿肌肉用力特征相似，该练习具有较高的专项力量训练价值，但在肌肉激活强度、屈伸时程比和胫骨前肌做功时程方面需改善；陆地弯道牵引与冰上弯道支撑腿肌肉用力特征存在一定差异，需在动作速度、外界负荷、支撑条件等方面加以改善，以进一步提高力量训练的专项性。
[Abstract]:The research purpose : 1 ) The speed rhythm is the key factor that affects the sports performance of the sports leading type racing program , and the physical energy distribution is unreasonable and has become the bottleneck which restricts the fast development of short - distance speed skating . The speed rhythm characteristic of the excellent athletes is the important factor of the project . The research and grasp of the factor is the fast way to improve the sports scores . To enrich our country women ' s short - distance speed skating speed rhythm training theory , improve the scientific character and the actual effect of the training practice , and promote the rapid development of the project , the paper studies the whole speed rhythm characteristics of the excellent women ' s 500 meters speed skating ice .
2 ) The training level of special power affects the sports ability of short - distance speed skating athletes to a great extent , which causes blind and low - efficiency problems in the practice of strength training . In order to improve the speciality , pertinence and effectiveness of strength training to promote the rapid development of the project , the special strength and muscle strength characteristics of women ' s short - distance speed skating athletes are studied .

Based on the statistics and theoretical analysis , the author has studied the characteristics of the speed rhythm of the long - range speed skating athletes . By using the ME6000 EMG test system and the high - definition camera Panasonic , the special force and muscle force characteristics of the excellent women 500m speed skating athletes in China are studied . The RMS , iEMG and root mean square EMG are derived by the ME6000 self - contained software MEGWIN analysis . The muscle power percentage map and muscle activation intensity map are completed in origin7.0 . The conclusion is as follows :

1 . The speed rhythm of the excellent women 500m speed skating athletes has a strong regularity , and the rhythm is characterized by the rapid acceleration of the first curve , the steady increase of the first curve and the sustained high - speed sliding of the second straight section after the second straight section slides slowly .
When the inner passage slides , the first 100 meters are rapidly accelerated and the 112 - meter section decreases the acceleration rhythm , and the first curve keeps stable growth ;
the speed growth after the first curve is slowed down , and then the first curve is advanced at a constant speed before entering the second curve ;
the second curve still maintains a relatively stable speed rhythm , the second curve is then lowered and buffered at the right time , and then the high - speed slide is maintained .

2 . In women 500m speed skating , the first 100 meters and the maximum speed capability are the basis for obtaining excellent sports scores , and the acceleration rhythm and the ability to maintain high - speed skating have great influence on sports scores ;
reasonably control the speed of the first curved inner channel and the second curved inner channel , and the second curve track should be actively buffered at the right time , so that the acceleration is not suitable to be forcibly accelerated .

3 . The support leg movement technique of the excellent women 500m speed skating athletes is stable , and the muscle strength is similar to that of the anterior muscle of the tibia and the anterior group of femoral anterior group is the main work muscle group , the flexion process activation degree of the anterior tibial muscle is greater , and the anterior group muscle is in the sustained hair condition before the anterior muscle of the tibia , the pre - activation of the anterior group muscle before the ice is activated , and the inactivation is inactivated when the anterior group muscle is de - icing . The constructed individual and the collective muscle electrical model have higher reference value .

4 . The imitation of the land direct track is similar to that of the straight supporting leg muscles of the ice . The practice has higher specific strength training value , but it needs improvement in the muscle activation strength , the extension time course ratio and the time history of the anterior tibial muscle .
There is a certain difference between the traction of the land curve and the muscle strength of the supporting leg of the upper curve of the ice . It is necessary to improve the dynamic speed , the external load and the supporting conditions , so as to further improve the special ability of the strength training .

【学位授予单位】：上海体育学院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：G862.1

【参考文献】