秩序与标准的寻求：美国院校调查运动研究（1908-1943）

发布时间：2018-05-30 16:05

  本文选题：院校调查 + 大学标准　； 参考：《华东师范大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：19世纪末20世纪初,随着美国大学规模的迅速扩张,大学在课程、组织、财政、教学等方面的管理问题日益突出,大学财政形式日益严峻。为了获取资金,大学不断通过扩大校舍、增加服务等方式吸引生源,自由竞争下必然带来高教系统的混乱和无序,大学缺乏质量保障体系,没有一个标准化的管理。大学的效率如何?随着大学与社会联系的加强,美国公众对大学效率提出了严厉的问责。为了应对社会问责,美国开始了以效率为核心的调查运动。科学管理,通过职能设计和标准制定的方式带来了效率的最大化,随着它在工商企业的成功运用也促使这一科学管理方式逐渐进入学术领域。高等教育的混乱和无序是否可以借助于科学管理来解决。基于科学管理理论基础之上,借助于教育测量、统计等方式美国开展了一项全国性的大规模的调查运动。调查开始于1908年奥伯林学院的以“效率”为中心的全面调查；卡内基教学促进基金会和联邦教育局促进了调查的推进发展,初步建立了调查的最初标准和基本模式；州政府、宗教机构、个别协会、研究所陆续开始独立进行调查尝试,全面推进了调查的进展。到1915年,调查程序基本上在各州建立。从1915年开始,院校调查运动就呈现出持续高涨的状态,并在二三十年代进入蓬勃发展的时期,泰特罗称1908年到1943年为“调查的时代”。调查的形式既有声势浩大的国家性调查,又有系统化的州调查,还有全面深入的自我调查,院校调查的蓬勃发展,可以说是“教育行政上的文艺复兴时期”。基于秩序和标准的角度,院校调查试图通过州级层面的调查为系统化管理模式的建立提供科学依据,解决州内机构之间的矛盾和冲突现象,加强联系和交流,实现协调性发展；通过大学内部组织调查为大学组织标准的制定和职能化管理的形成提供数据支持,加强董事会、各个委员会、大学行政管理之间的联系和交流,在分工明确,职责清晰的基础上,形成系统化的管理方式,确保大学理想通过不同的职能部门共同实现；在标准化管理方面,弗莱克斯纳调查开启了医学教育认证的先河,院校调查成为标准认证的科学程序之一。大学最低办学标准的调查促使不合格院校关闭,提高了办学质量；教师调查则试图从制度改革的角度保证教师的学术自由。院校调查运动促进了大学的标准化建设,为认证机构标准制定提供依据,同时院校调查也成为认证程序的科学手段之一,促进了认证管理；院校调查同时还促使大学管理从传统走向现代,建立了院校研究办公室,搜集处理信息,为校长、州政府和联邦提供信息咨询；院校调查也是大学自治的表现之一,促进了大学发展的自我完善；除此外,调查还促进了高校课程和教学管理、学生管理等一系列的变革。
[Abstract]:At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, with the rapid expansion of the scale of American universities, the management problems in curriculum, organization, finance, teaching and so on have become increasingly prominent, and the financial forms of universities have become increasingly serious. In order to obtain funds, universities attract students by expanding school premises and increasing service. Free competition will inevitably bring chaos and disorder of higher education system, lack of quality assurance system, and lack of a standardized management. How efficient is the university? With the strengthening of the relationship between university and society, the American public has put forward strict accountability for university efficiency. In response to social accountability, the United States began an investigation campaign centred on efficiency. Scientific management, through the way of function design and standard setting, has brought the maximum efficiency. With its successful application in industrial and commercial enterprises, the scientific management mode has gradually entered the academic field. Whether the chaos and disorder of higher education can be solved by scientific management. Based on the scientific management theory, the United States carried out a national large-scale survey campaign by means of educational measurement and statistics. The survey began in 1908 with a comprehensive survey of "efficiency" at Oberlin College; the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Education and the Federal Bureau of Education contributed to the development of the survey, initially establishing the initial standards and basic model of the survey; and the state government, Religious institutions, individual associations, and research institutes have started independent investigation attempts, which comprehensively advance the progress of the investigation. By 1915, investigation procedures had been largely established in the states. Since 1915, the college survey movement has been on the rise, and in the twenties and thirties, Tettero called 1908-1943 the "era of investigation." The form of investigation is not only a great national survey, but also a systematic state survey, and a comprehensive and in-depth self-investigation. The vigorous development of the college investigation can be said to be "the Renaissance period of educational administration". Based on the angle of order and standard, the college investigation attempts to provide scientific basis for the establishment of systematic management model through the investigation at the state level, to solve the contradictions and conflicts among the state institutions, to strengthen the contact and exchange, and to realize the coordinated development. Provide data support for the establishment of organizational standards and the formation of functional management through internal organization surveys of universities, strengthen the links and exchanges between boards, committees, and university administration, with a clear division of labour, On the basis of clear responsibilities, a systematic management approach was formed to ensure that the ideals of the university were jointly realized through different functional departments. In the area of standardized management, the Flicksner investigation opened the way for medical education certification. College investigation has become one of the scientific procedures of standard certification. The investigation of the minimum school running standard of the university causes the unqualified colleges to close down, and improves the quality of running the school, while the teacher survey tries to guarantee the academic freedom of the teachers from the angle of the reform of the system. The college survey movement has promoted the standardization construction of the university, provided the basis for the establishment of the standard of the certification organization, at the same time, the college investigation has also become one of the scientific means of the certification procedure, promoted the certification management; The college survey has also led to a shift from traditional to modern university management by setting up the Office of College Research, collecting and processing information and advising presidents, state governments and federations on information. College surveys are also one of the manifestations of university autonomy. Besides, the investigation has also promoted a series of reforms in curriculum and teaching management, student management and so on.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：G649.712
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本文编号：1955893