岳麓书院德育研究

发布时间：2018-10-19 12:24

【摘要】：岳麓书院初创于北宋,经历了南宋的发展而逐渐兴盛,重修于元代而再次“振美一时”于明代。在清代官方的支持下得到进一步发展,最终于近现代改制为学堂直至今天的岳麓书院。岳麓书院一直秉承着以“明道传道”为核心的人文精神和以“独立创新”为核心的学术精神,确立了育德为先的教育核心,将道德教育置于整个教育活动的中心与首位。这一精神指明了办学的方向,为岳麓书院的千年发展打下了基础。但好的办学精神还需要充实详尽的内容来体现,这是关系到书院教学能否体现办学宗旨、符合人才培养目标的大事。岳麓书院以“明人伦”为其德育内容设置的基本要求,以儒家经典为基本教材,以程朱理学为重要组成部分,并辅以历史典籍,构建了一个完整而系统的德育课程体系。岳麓书院在对儒家教育理论的继承和发展的基础上,形成了一个完整的有计划、有组织的德育体系,制定了一整套制度化、可操作的道德教育的方法与制度。岳麓书院德育的方法包括讲会与会讲、祭祀与分年教育。临时的聚会讲学一般称为会讲,定期举行的聚会讲学一般称为讲会,其中便有历史上著名的“朱张会讲”。祭祀是岳麓书院向生徒传递儒家纲常伦理和进行德性培育的重要方式。它把祭祀作为对学生进行思想品德教育的一种手段和形式,以先圣先贤的道德人品为楷模,来陶冶学生之品德,树立德育规范。分年教育即为了达致岳麓书院“成圣贤”的总目标,书院教育家们根据学生的年龄及不同阶段的心理发展、思维发展特征等,将道德教育分为“小学”与“大学”两个阶段:“小学”为“打坯模”阶段,学习“形而下”之礼,养成良好的礼仪习惯;“大学”则穷“形而上”之理,格物致知,寻求“理义”之道。岳麓书院德育的制度包括学规与考课。岳麓书院学规,虽几经流变,却一直“以理义悦其心”为特点,具体体现在以“理义”为核心,以讲究求道,择良友,贵笃行为核心,激发学生内心向善的本性;以“徽言”为载体,讲究以温婉劝勉式的语言表达对学生的尊敬与诚意,使学生易于从心底接受;并最终以“悦其心”为目的,培养了大批爱国、为民的思想家。考课是岳麓书院用以对肄业生徒进行德行与学业考核,评定优劣,确定升降,给予奖惩的一种制度。岳麓书院的考课主要包括“德业”考课与“学业”考课,其中以“德业”考课为重。“德业”考课主要考察学生“道德”方面,检查学生的行为是否合乎社会道德规范、思想是否符合社会的普遍价值,来促进学生道德上的规范与提升。岳麓书院同样注重发挥建筑环境的隐性德育意蕴,如选址与布局体现了礼乐相成的思想、楹联与匾额有着发人深省的作用、园林与雕饰采用了“比德”的手法,意图达到“畅神”的境界。在人文环境上,岳麓书院的山长、教师也注重通过言传身教为生徒树立榜样;尊重爱护学生以营造民主平等的氛围;通过师生之间的互动辩难为生徒达到教学相长的目的。虽然岳麓书院德育多存在封建社会的烙印,其目标多在于维护封建等级秩序,但瑕不掩瑜,岳麓书院德育的颇多方面,如以“明道传道”为核心的人文精神与以“求学创新”的学术精神,独具特色的分年教育,学规中“以理义悦其心”的特色,书院建筑的隐性德育意蕴等仍能为当代教育提供有益的借鉴。
[Abstract]:In the Northern Song Dynasty, Yue's College had gone through the development of the Song Dynasty and became prosperous and rebuilt in Yuan Dynasty. "Zhenmei Time" In the Ming Dynasty. With the support of the official support of the Qing Dynasty, it was further developed, and finally transformed into the school hall in modern times till today's Yue Yuan Academy. Yueju College has been adhering to the principle of The Missionary Society of the Ming Dynasty the humanistic spirit of the core and the purpose of "Independent Innovation" As the core academic spirit, the education core of Yude is established, and the moral education is placed at the center and the first place of the whole educational activity. This spirit points out the direction of running schools and lays the foundation for the Millennium Development of Yueju College. But the good school spirit needs to enrich the detailed content to reflect, this is the relationship to the college teaching can reflect the purpose of running the school, accord with the goal of the talent training. Yue Chung College to "Ming Renlun" In order to set the basic requirements for the content of moral education, the Confucian classics is the basic teaching material, and Cheng Zhu's Neo-Confucianism is an important part, supplemented by historical materialism, and a complete and systematic moral education curriculum system has been constructed. On the basis of the inheritance and development of Confucian educational theory, Yueju College has formed a complete systematic and organized moral education system, and developed a set of methods and system of systematic and operable moral education. The method for moral education in Yueju College includes talks, sacrifices and annual education. The casual party lectures are generally called sessions, and regular party lectures are commonly referred to as sessions, where there is a history of well-known "Zhu Zhang will say". The sacrificial ceremony is an important way to transfer the Confucian school ethics and moral cultivation to the students in Yue Yuan's College. It takes the sacrifice as a means and form of ideological and moral education for the students, and takes the moral character of the first sage as a model to cultivate the moral character of the students and set up the norms of moral education. In order to achieve Yue's College, this year's education "It's a sage." Based on the students' age and different stages of psychological development and thinking development characteristics, the educators of colleges and universities divide the moral education into two categories: "Primary school" AND "University" Two phases: "Primary school" To "blank mould" Stage, Learning "Shape Memory" rites, form good manners of etiquette; "University" then poor "metaphysical" Lemma, knowledge, seek "justice and righteousness" That's what it's like. The system of moral education in Yueyang College includes the rules of study and the course of examination. Yue Yuan Academy of Learning, although several rheological, but has been" to sense the heart of his heart "It is characterized by the following:" justice and righteousness" It is the core of the core of seeking, choosing good friends, your behavior core, and stimulating the student's inner good nature; "Emblem" In order to support the students' respect and sincerity in a warm-hearted exhortation style, students are easy to accept from their hearts, and finally they will Yue Xinxin For the purpose, a large number of patriotic and people-oriented thinkers were cultivated. The examination course is a kind of system used by Yueju Academy to carry out the examination and evaluation of the students and students, assess the pros and cons, determine the rise and fall, and give rewards and punishments. The examination course of Yueyang College mainly includes: "Deye" examination class and "Academic" A course of examination, in which "Deye" Take the course of the exam. "Deye" Examination Course mainly inspects students" Morality "On the other hand, it is necessary to check whether the behavior of the students is in conformity with the social ethics and whether the thought is in conformity with the universal values of society, so as to promote the students' moral norms and promotion. Yueju Academy also pays attention to the hidden moral education implication of building environment, such as site selection and layout, which embodies the thought of ritual music." Bider. "A technique that is intended to achieve" Smooth God "A state of mind. In the humanities environment, Yue's College is long, and teachers also pay attention to setting an example by telling people to teach their livelihood. Respect for the students to create an atmosphere of democracy and equality; and through the interaction between teachers and students, it is difficult for the living disciples to achieve the long-term teaching phase. Although Yue's college moral education has the brand of feudal society, its goal is to maintain the feudal hierarchical order, but it does not hide Yu and Yue Yuan's college moral education has many aspects, such as The Missionary Society of the Ming Dynasty The Humanistic Spirit of the Core and Its Application" Learning Innovation "The academic spirit of a unique school of education and learning." to sense the heart of his heart "The characteristic of the college building, the hidden moral education implication of the academy building can still provide useful reference for the contemporary education.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：G649.299

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