健康对中老年人非农劳动参与及工资率的影响研究

发布时间：2018-01-01 10:08

本文关键词：健康对中老年人非农劳动参与及工资率的影响研究　出处：《对外经济贸易大学》2017年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：评价某地域文明时,公民的健康素养的重要性已经超越单纯的人口数量,健康已经是衡量社会文明发展程度的重要指标,同时健康也会对社会经济发展有着重要影响。中老年人是劳动力市场中的中坚力量,对社会经济的发展稳定有着非常重要的作用,但其健康状况却长期被社会关注不足。改革开放以来,我国社会经济已经有了深刻变革,公民所能享受到的医疗健康服务水平也有了长足进步,我国公民的平均寿命也有了稳步增长。与此同时,被定为国策的计划生育政策得到了较为严格的执行,在两种因素叠加之下,我国社会提前进入老龄化阶段,并且老龄化的速度超过预期。我国的劳动力市场此时也悄然发生了变化,从改革开放初期劳动力的无限供给向有限供给转向,并于2004年出现了刘易斯转折点,与此同时,我国的社保资金缺口问题也日趋严重。在应对我国社会经济出现的新问题时,除了增加劳动力数量供给的“全面放开二孩”政策之外,挖掘现有劳动市场中劳动者的工作潜能也是一个重要方向,例如适度延迟退休年龄、提高现有劳动力市场中劳动者的效率等政策。在制定延迟退休政策之前,需要考察我国当前中老年人劳动者是否具有健康资本足以支撑延迟退休,以及健康对我国中老年人的非农劳动参与、非农劳动参与时间、非农劳动工资率等方面的影响。因此,本文主要探究了三个问题,分别为:健康对中老年人非农劳动参与的影响、健康对中老年人非农劳动参与时间的影响、健康对中老年人非农劳动工资率的影响。为了研究这些问题,本文从理论基础及文献综述中归纳已有的学者研究成果,并以此为借鉴展开本文的理论分析框架和健康指标的构建。完成基础准备工作后,本文选取2011年、2013年“中国健康与养老追踪”调查数据库(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,CHARLS),建立计量模型,研究了健康对中老年人非农劳动参与、非农劳动参与时间、非农劳动工资率的影响情况。论文考虑了个人的健康生产函数、劳动需求市场上企业利润最大化以及个人在劳动时间配置方面的效应最大化的均衡分析,从理论上分析了健康对劳动参与、劳动时间以及非农劳动工资率的影响。健康指标的构建是本文的一个重点和难点,本文对健康的内涵以及研究现状进行了系统的总结,以此为基础,构建了较为全面的健康指标体系,健康的代理指标包括总体健康指标、生理健康指标以及心理健康指标。其中总体健康指标以自评健康状况来表征,生理健康的二级指标包括急性生理健康冲击、慢性生理健康冲击、基本日常活动能力障碍、工具性日常活动能力障碍;心理健康指标采用国际上经典的心理健康抑郁量表(Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale)来衡量。至此,理论分析基础及健康指标的确定为后续本文的实证研究奠定了基础。实证方面本文得出了如下结论:首先是健康对中老年人是否非农劳动参与的影响,本文的分析主体包括城镇及农村中老年人,而城镇退休年龄是其中一个影响中老年劳动参与的重要因素,同时考虑到健康对男性及女性中老年人劳动参的差异性,因此本文在城镇和农村框架下又嵌入了年龄及性别因素,对样本做了较详细的分类,得出了如下的实证结论:1.从总体及分户籍样本结果可以看出,总体健康指标、生理健康指标、心理健康指标对全体样本、城镇样本及农村样本都有显著性的影响。同时,实证结果也证实了性别、年龄、教育、户籍对非农劳动参与的显著性影响。2.分年龄分性别样本结果显示,自评健康状况、生理健康指标、心理健康指标对45-59岁城镇及农村男性以及45-54岁城镇及农村女性的非农劳动参与概率都有显著负向影响,并且,对女性的影响效应大于男性。不管是自评健康状况,还是生理健康、心理健康指标对达到退休年后的城镇群体,即城镇60-65岁男性群体以及55-65岁女性群体都无显著性的影响,而在农村样本中健康对农村男性60-65岁群体非农劳动参与的影响效应大于农村45-59岁男性群体,健康对女性55-65岁群体非农劳动参与的影响效应大于45-54岁女性群体。其次是健康对中老年人劳动参与时间的影响。1.从总体及分户籍样本结果可以看出,自评健康指标、生理健康指标、心理健康指标对全体样本、城镇样本及农村样本都有显著性的影响。除了心理健康冲击指标对农村及城镇的影响效应基本相近外,其他健康指标对城镇的影响效均应大于农村。2.在对样本分性别分年龄的进一步分析中发现,健康对45-59岁城镇男性的非农劳动时间的影响大于45-59岁农村男性以及60-65岁农村男性的影响。而健康对45-54岁城镇女性的非农劳动时间的影响大于45-54岁农村女性以及55-65岁农村女性群体的影响。各个健康指标对达到退休年龄后的城镇中老年人都无显著性的影响,即对60-65岁男性群体以及55-65岁女性群体无显著性的影响。而农村样本中,即使达到了退休年龄,健康对农村60-65岁男性群体以及55-65岁女性群体的非农劳动参与时间都有显著性的影响,且影响效应大于退休年龄前相应的群体。不论总体还是分户籍样本,在各个影响效应中,健康对女性群体的影响效应大于相应的男性群体。最后是健康对中老年人受雇群体工资率的影响。在总体样本中,各个健康变量对中老年受雇群体的工资率都有显著性的影响,生理健康指标对工资率的影响效应要大于心理健康,城市户籍相对农村户籍在就业机会和劳动报酬方面都有明显的优势。性别对中老年人受雇群体的工资率具有显著正向影响,这说明我国劳动力市场上存在着较为明显的性别工资差异现象。分城镇及农村的样本回归中,各个健康变量对农村中老年人的工资率具有显著影响,且和总体样本一样,生理健康对工资率的影响要大于心理健康,而各类健康指标对城镇中老年人受雇群体工资率的影响不显著,性别对农村中老人的工资率的影响效应大于城镇。分男性及女性的样本回归中,各个健康变量对男性中老年人的工资率都有显著性的影响,对男性的影响效应大于女性。且心理健康对工资率的影响效应要小于生理健康,户籍对男性及女性工资率的影响都具有显著作用。分位数的回归结果显示,整体上来看,生理健康指标以及心理健康指标对低分位数的工资率的影响效应大于高分位数工资率的影响,说明健康的改善对提高低工资率水平的中老年人工资率的增长有非常重要的影响。根据本文的实证结果,给出了对策建议。首先为改善现有劳动者的劳动质量,提高我国中老年人多维度的健康水平。我国劳动者健康水平的提高已经从满足温饱营养需求,改为了营养均衡、合理膳食的较高的需求阶段。在重视急性疾病的防治基础上,慢性疾病的危害需要受到重视和强化防治,而传统意义上的生理健康问题在得到一定程度的改善后,心理健康逐渐需得到重视。其次,改善我国当前劳动市场中所存在的不平等问题。我国劳动力市场中存在的不平等问题主要包括性别不平等、户籍不平等、职业收入不平等。其中保障女性权利方面,传统以延长产假等政策方式不仅未能保护女性就业,反而进一步加剧了女性初次就业时的歧视现象,可以考虑从公务员、事业单位等国家服务机关的招聘用人向女性就业倾斜,同时重点保障女童接受教育权利。继续稳步推进户籍改革,改革当前附加于户籍之上的社会福利政策现状。最后,健全的法律对劳动市场中参与者的公平保护。我国当前《劳动法》及实践中并不将退休后再就业行为纳入保护范围,可以研究便捷有效的司法保护形势,保障低龄退休老人再就业过程中的合法权益。
[Abstract]:Evaluation of a regional civilization, the importance of citizen health literacy beyond simple population, health has been an important indicator of social civilization development degree, and health will also have an important influence on the social and economic development. In the elderly is the backbone in the labor market, on the social and economic development is very stable an important role, but the health of society has long been insufficient attention. Since the reform and opening up, China's economy has a profound reform, medical and health service level of citizens can enjoy the have made great progress, the average life of Chinese citizens has been growing steadily. At the same time, was designated as the national policy the family planning policy has been strictly enforced under the superposition of two factors, our society has entered the aging stage ahead of time, and the rate of aging in our country's labor more than expected. The market is also quietly changed, turning from an unlimited supply of labor at the beginning of reform and opening up to the limited supply, and in 2004 the Lewis turning point, at the same time, the social security fund gap problem in China is becoming more and more serious. In response to new problems in the social economy of our country appears, in addition to increasing the number of "full supply of labor release the two child" policy, the existing mining workers in the labor market potential is an important direction, such as moderate delay retirement age, improve the existing workers in the labor market efficiency policy. Before formulating a delay retirement policy, to study China's current elderly workers have health capital to support delay retirement, as well as the health of the elderly in our non-agricultural labor participation, non-agricultural labor participation time, affecting the non-agricultural labor wage rate and so on. Because of For this, this paper mainly explores three problems, respectively: health effects on the elderly to participate in non-agricultural labor, health effects on the elderly to participate in non-agricultural labor time, health effects on the elderly non-agricultural labor wage rate. In order to study these problems, this paper from the theoretical basis and literature review of existing the research results of scholars, and based on this, this paper constructs the theoretical analysis framework and health indicators. To complete the preparatory work, the paper selected from 2011, 2013 China health and pension tracking survey database (China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, CHARLS), established the econometric model of health on non-agricultural labor participation the elderly, non-agricultural labor participation time, influence of non-agricultural labor wage rate. Considering the health production function of individual labor market demand, maximum profit Equilibrium analysis and effect in individual labor time allocation of the maximum, from the theoretical analysis of the health of the labor force participation, labor time and non-agricultural labor wage rate. Construction of health indicators is an important and difficult point of this paper, this paper summarize the connotation of health and research status, this as the basis, establish the health index system comprehensively, agent health index including general health indicators, physical health and mental health indicators. The indicators of overall health indicators on self-rated health status characterized by physical health level two indexes including the acute physiology health impact of chronic physical health impact, basic daily activities obstacles instrumental activities of daily living disorder; mental health indicators used in the international mental health Depression Scale (Center for classic Epidemiologic Studies Depressi On Scale) to measure. Thus, determine the theoretical basis and measures of health laid the foundation for the subsequent empirical research in this paper. We draw the following conclusion: the first is the health of the elderly affect non-agricultural labor participation, the main part of analysis including urban and rural elderly people, while the urban retirement age is one of the important factors of elderly labor participation a effect, taking into account the differences of the health of the male and female elderly labor participation, so this paper in the urban and rural areas under the framework and embedded in the age and gender factors, the samples were classified in detail, the empirical results are as follows: 1. from the overall sample and the household registration results can be seen, the overall health indicators, physical health indicators, mental health index of all samples have significant influence of urban and rural sample sample. At the same time, empirical The results also confirmed that the gender, age, education, household to significantly affect non-agricultural labor participation of.2. in different age gender sample showed, self-rated health, physical health indicators, mental health indicators of 45-59 years old urban and rural men and non-agricultural labor 45-54 years old urban and rural women have a significant negative probability influence and effect on women than men. Regardless of self-rated health, or physical health, mental health indicators to reach retirement years after the urban group, which influence town of 60-65 year old male group and female group aged 55-65 are not significant, while in rural areas in the sample of rural male health effects the 60-65 age group is higher than that of rural non-agricultural labor participation in the 45-59 year old male group, female group aged 55-65 health effects on off farm work participation effect is greater than the 45-54 year old female population. The second is healthy Kang in the elderly labor participation time.1. household sample results from the general and it can be seen that the self-rated health indicators, physical health indicators, mental health index of all samples have significant influence of urban and rural sample sample. In addition to the mental health impact index effects on rural areas and towns is similar outside, other indicators of the health impact on the urban effect were found in rural areas should be greater than.2. for further analysis of gender age of sample, effect of health on 45-59 year old male urban non-agricultural work time more than 45-59 years old and 60-65 years old male rural rural men. The influence of the health effects of 45-54 years old urban women's non-agricultural the labor time is greater than the rural female aged 45-54 and 55-65 years old rural women. All health indicators are not significant to the town after reaching retirement age in the elderly No significant influence, influence on 60-65 years old male group and women aged 55-65 groups. While the rural sample, even reaching the retirement age, the health of the rural non-agricultural labor 60-65 year old male group and female group aged 55-65 in time have significant influence, and the influence effect is greater than the corresponding retirement age groups before. Both in general and Hukou samples in each effect, the effect of the health of women's groups than those in the male group. Finally the health effects of population employment wage rate for the elderly. In the overall sample, all health variables in elderly employed population wage rates have significant influence the index is greater than the physical health, mental health effects on the wage rate, relative to the rural household registration in the city household employment and labor remuneration has evident advantages. For years old in gender People employed population rate has significant positive effects, which shows that China's labor market has the phenomenon of gender wage differences are more obvious. Urban and rural sample regression, has a significant impact on the health of the elderly in rural areas the variable wage rate, and as the overall sample, the physiological health effect on the wage rate than the mental health, and various health indicators of the towns in the elderly employment effects of group wage rate is not significant, the effect of gender impact on the rural elderly in the wage rate is greater than the urban. Male and female sample regression, all variables on the health of the old people in the male wage rates have significant influence the effect, affecting men more than women. And mental health effects on wage rate is less than the physical health, household registration has significant function of male and female wage rate. The regression results show the number, on the whole, the effect of physical health and mental health index index influence on low quantiles of the wage rate is greater than the impact of high quantile wage rates, indicating improvement in health has very important influence to improve the low wage rate levels in elderly wages growth according to the empirical results. First of all, some countermeasures and suggestions are provided. In order to improve the existing labor quality, improve the health level of the multi dimension of the elderly. Health workers in our country has been improved from the nutritional requirements to meet the food and clothing, nutritionally balanced, reasonable diet higher demand stage. In the prevention and treatment of acute disease on the basis of attention, harm chronic diseases need attention and strengthen prevention and control, and physical health problems in the traditional sense is improved to a certain extent, the mental health needs gradually taken seriously. Secondly, improve the inequality of China's current labor market. In the presence of inequality problems in the labor market in our country mainly including gender inequality, household inequality, occupation income inequality. Including the protection of women's rights, to extend the traditional maternity leave policy not only failed to protect women's employment, but further intensified the first female employment discrimination phenomenon, can be considered from civil servants, institutions and other state organs Services employers recruit to female employment, and focus on the protection of the right to education. The girls continue to steadily promote the reform of the household registration, social welfare policy reform situation in addition to the domicile of the current. Finally, the sound legal protection of fair participants in the labor market. China's current labor law and practice in < > will not re employment after retirement behavior into the scope of protection can be convenient and effective to study The situation of judicial protection ensures the legitimate rights and interests of the retired old men in the process of reemployment.

【学位授予单位】：对外经济贸易大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：R193;F249.2

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