宠物与唐代社会生活

发布时间：2017-12-26 20:07

本文关键词：宠物与唐代社会生活　出处：《安徽大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：宠物是从家畜发展而来的,我国饲养宠物的历史可追溯到原始狩猎时期。唐代,国内外经济文化交流频繁,动物品种日渐丰富。随着宠物饲养之风的兴盛,宠物文化得到进一步发展。唐代宠物的种类较多,从生物学的角度,可分为鸟、兽、虫、鱼四类。受尚武习尚和游乐风气的影响,唐代的宠物以体形较大的猛兽、猛禽类宠物为主,以小型的禽鸟、虫鱼类宠物为辅。从饲养主体看,宠物可以分为宫廷宠物和民间宠物两种。唐代宫廷宠物主要来自地方土贡、私人贡献、域外朝贡;民间宠物主要通过购买、赠送和抓捕等途径获得。唐代统治者建立了宠物饲养、管理和保护的相关制度。就饲养方式而言,以鹰犬、驯象、驯犀及狮子等为代表的大型宠物多饲养于宫廷禁苑之中。唐代帝王设五坊、鸡坊、马坊和闲厩等专门机构管理宠物,设立驯兽师、兽医以及杂役等专职人员负责宠物的驯养与保健工作。而鹦鹉、狗、猫、鹤等小型宠物的饲养较为简单易行,多由个人或家庭饲养。宠物饲养过程中,存在一些潜在的危害,如宠物伤人、破坏农田和农作物。所以,唐代统治者们颁布了相关法令和诏书,对宠物致害行为和饲养者的赔偿限度制定了相应的规范。与此相适,唐人的动物保护观念也不断发展起来。受儒家仁政思想、道教崇尚自然观念和佛教"护生"理念的影响,唐朝统治者曾颁布过一些禁杀禁贡、慈悲放生的诏书。白居易、薛涛、王维、王建、李绅、许浑、高僧齐己等人纷纷创作诗词,鼓励将笼养的宠物放归自然。唐代之前,宠物主要是社会上层贵族们的玩物。在唐代,宠物饲养的风气从王公贵族阶层扩展到文人士大夫之流,甚至庶民之家。宠物在唐人的世俗生活和宗教生活中具有重要价值。在世俗生活中,宠物具有陪伴消遣、观赏娱乐、情感慰藉和人生价值寄托等多方面的价值。与宠物嬉戏是唐人重要的休闲活动。宠物还成为诗文中的常见意象,或象征着对爱情的忠贞,或被文士用以自况,表明心志。唐代以斗鸡为代表的斗动物戏和以马舞为代表的舞兽表演十分繁荣,还出现了模仿动物姿态的拟禽戏和拟兽戏。在佛教中,大象、狮子、鹦鹉、鹤、孔雀等禽兽是佛祖的化身。白象代表降生,狮子隐喻法力。鹦鹉、鹤具有忠孝仁义的美德,佛慧极高。青龙、白虎、龟蛇、朱雀则是道教崇信的"四灵"神兽。龙、凤具有多种动物特征,龟蛇具有长寿和预知祸福的神性。白虎乃战伐之神,是权势和尊贵的象征。在佛、道二教思想的影响下,大象、狮子、鹤、鹦鹉、虫、鱼、龟、鳖等动物都被唐人赋予祥和、富贵之意,具有祥瑞意义。宗教教义中动物的正面形象,直接引导人们对动物的认识。宠物性动物的宗教形象与世俗形象融合在一起。宠物具有欣赏价值和陪伴价值,能够满足人们的精神需求。受"天人合一"的居住环境观念的影响,文人雅士描绘吟咏的诱导以及宗教因素的刺激,唐人对宠物的需求日益扩大,其价值不断攀升,唐代的宠物经济逐步发展起来。随着唐代宠物饲养活动的兴盛,出现了一大批善驯禽兽的专家。人们对宠物的认识更加深入、全面,动物研究专著随之出现,这无疑促进了动物文化研究的发展。中唐以后,国势急转直下,初盛唐时期勇武善战的时代精神不再。文士们多有怀才不遇者,他们往往以宠物自况,表明情志。因此,饲养宠物的目的逐渐由功能层面的娱乐消遣,上升为心理层面的精神抚慰。宠物的大量饲养一方面促进了唐代社会经济和文化的发展,丰富了唐人的娱乐休闲生活和精神生活;另一方面,大量无实用价值的宠物的存在,消耗了巨大的物质财富,助长了奢靡享乐的不良之风。由于善驯养宠物的人容易受到统治者的重视,越来越多的人开始脱离农业生产,以驯养宠物为生,一定程度上制约了唐代社会经济、文化的良性发展。
[Abstract]:Pets are developed from livestock, and the history of pets in China can be traced back to the original hunting period. In the Tang Dynasty, the economic and cultural exchanges both at home and abroad were frequent, and the animal varieties were increasingly rich. With the flourishing of pet breeding, pet culture has been further developed. There are many kinds of pets in the Tang Dynasty. From the biological point of view, they can be divided into four types: birds, animals, insects and fish. Affected by the martial practices and recreation atmosphere, the Tang Dynasty pet with larger beasts, birds of prey on small pets, birds, insects fish as pets. From the subject of feeding, pets can be divided into two kinds of court pets and folk pets. The court pets in the Tang Dynasty mainly come from local soil tribute, private contribution and tribute abroad; folk pets are mainly obtained through purchase, gift and capture. The rulers of the Tang Dynasty established the related system of pet raising, management and protection. On the feeding way, with large pet elephant, rhinoceros and hawks, a lion as the representative of the many housed in the palace imperial gardens. The emperors of the Tang Dynasty set up five pet management workshops, workshops, and free chicken Mafang stables and other specialized agencies, the establishment of full-time health care work and domesticated animal trainer, veterinarians and handyman and other staff responsible for pets. The breeding of small pets such as parrots, dogs, cats and cranes is easier and easier to be raised by individuals or families. There are some potential hazards in pet breeding, such as pets, farmland and crops. So, the Tang Dynasty rulers issued relevant laws and edicts, the damage caused by the behavior and pet breeders compensation limit to formulate corresponding norms. As a result, the concept of animal protection in the Tang Dynasty is also developing. Influenced by the Confucian benevolent thought, Taoism and Buddhism "advocating the concept of nature of nursing students" concept, the Tang Dynasty rulers enacted Ban Ban Gong, kill some compassion released letters. Bai Juyi, Xue Tao, Wang Wei, Wang Jian, Li Shen, Xu Hun, Qi Ji monk and others have been writing poetry, will encourage wild pet cage. Before the Tang Dynasty, pets were mainly the playthings of the upper class aristocrats. In the Tang Dynasty, pets ethos extended from the nobility class to the literati class, even the ordinary people's homes. Pets are of great value in the secular and religious life of the people of the Tang Dynasty. In the secular life, pets have many aspects of companionship, entertainment, emotional comfort and the value of life. Playing with pets is an important leisure activity of the Tang Dynasty. Pet has become the common image in the poetry, or a symbol of the loyalty of love, or be used to scribe from, that will. In the Tang Dynasty as the representative of the animal play cockfighting bucket and horse dance as the representative of the beast dance performance is very prosperous, also appeared to play and Play Bird beast to imitate animal posture. In Buddhism, the elephants, lions, parrots, cranes, peacocks and other beasts are the incarnations of the Buddha. The white elephant represents the birth, the lion is metaphorical. The parrot, crane has the virtue of filial piety and righteousness, the Buddha's wisdom is very high. Blue dragon, white tiger, turtle and snake, is Chongxin's "Taoist rosefinch four animal. Dragon and Phoenix has a variety of animal characteristics, has a long and unpredictable fate of turtle and snake deity. The white tiger is the God of war, the symbol of power and dignity. The influence of Buddhism and Taoism two teaching thoughts, elephants, lions, cranes, parrots, insects, fish, turtle, turtle and other animal are given and the rich meaning of Tang Dynasty, with auspicious meaning. The positive image of the animal in religious doctrine directly guides people to the understanding of the animals. The religious image of the pet animal is combined with the secular image. Pets have the value of appreciation and companionship, which can meet the spiritual needs of people. Influenced by the "harmony" concept of the living environment, the literati chant depicting induction and religious factors stimulation, Chinese demand for pet is growing, its value is rising, the pet economy gradually developed in Tang dynasty. With the flourishing of the pet raising activities in the Tang Dynasty, a large number of experts in domesticated animals have emerged. People's understanding of pets is more thorough and comprehensive, and the animal research monograph appears, which undoubtedly promotes the development of animal culture research. After the Tang Dynasty, the early period of the Tang Dynasty was a sudden turn for the worse, brave spirit of the times no longer. Many scholars have the talent, they tend to show that the emotional state of pets. Therefore, the purpose of raising pets gradually from the functional level of entertainment, to the psychological level of spiritual comfort. On the one hand, the mass rearing of pet and promote the development of social economy and culture of the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty rich leisure life and spiritual life; on the other hand, a large number of pets has no practical value, consumption of huge material wealth, contributed to the extravagant bad wind. People who are good at domesticating pets are easy to be attached importance to by the rulers. More and more people start to get away from agricultural production and domesticate pets, which restricts the healthy development of social economy and culture in Tang Dynasty to some extent.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K242

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