西南汉墓劳作俑的考古学研究

发布时间：2018-02-16 16:27

本文关键词： 西南地区两汉时期劳作俑庄园经济　出处：《南京大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：劳作俑是墓葬随葬陶俑的一个类型,是从事各类劳作之俑,或手持工具,或呈现各类劳作状态。墓葬中出土的劳作俑,是古人丧葬观念的产物,同时也是社会面貌的体现。劳作俑作为重要的实物资料,能够真实而生动的反映当时社会的政治、经济、文化等各方面的信息,作为文献资料的补充与相互印证,无疑具有重大历史价值,而劳作俑本身,其丰富的形象特征、精湛而细腻的制作技术也同样具有很高的艺术价值。两汉时期,西南地区在巴蜀文化的基础上,兼收并蓄了包括汉文化在内的多种文化因素,形成了一个独特的文化单元,除了盛行其他地区所少见的崖墓及摇钱树,在这一地区墓葬中还出土了数量众多的劳作俑,劳作俑的类型十分丰富,从西汉晚期至蜀汉时期一直延续。因此,对西南汉墓出土劳作俑的考古材料进行系统整理,并对劳作俑的分布地域、类型、时代演变以及与其他地域的比较等多方面进行研究,有利于我们更深入地了解西南地区的劳作俑特征以及透过劳作俑所反映的社会面貌。文章首先对劳作俑的发现情况进行了梳理,并对劳作俑在时空上的分布规律进行了总结。经统计之后发现,西南地区的劳作俑主要分布在四个相对集中的地域范围,即四川成都平原及其周围和西昌地区,重庆三峡地区,云南的大理、呈贡和昭通以及贵州的西南部地区。并从整体上呈现出四川成都平原及其周围地区与重庆三峡地区汉墓出土的劳作俑数量多而云贵两个区域范围出土劳作俑数量少的特征。而且随着时代的发展,至东汉中晚期劳作俑的发展达到了繁盛期,劳作俑的数量达到最大,类型最为丰富,范围也最广,在不同区域形成了不同的扩展趋势。其次,由于目前对于劳作俑的定义没有统一的标准,因此文章根据劳作俑的所持工具、劳作状态以及劳作场合等对劳作俑进行分类研究,将其分为从事农业生产和从事家务劳动的两个大类,并根据具体形态再进行细致划分。其中从事农业的如持锸俑、持锄俑、持(?)俑、持镰俑、持棒俑、击鼓俑、薅秧俑、扛罐俑和樝扇俑等。从事家务劳作的俑又可分为厨房劳作俑、家内杂物俑和主人内侍俑。厨房劳作俑如,庖厨俑、提鱼俑、提罐俑、托盘俑和杵臼俑等;家内杂务俑如,负物俑、持箕帚俑等;主人内侍俑如:抱囊俑、执镜俑、执便面俑等。再依据劳作俑的地域分布特点和类型特点对劳作俑进行分期研究,将其分为时代相续的三个发展阶段,西汉晚期至东汉早期、东汉中晚期和东汉末期至蜀汉时期。从总体上可以看出劳作俑由简至繁、由粗至精的时代发展趋势。再次,通过对西南地区劳作俑在数量、类型等方面的充分了解,将劳作俑与其他地区进行比较研究,将全国范围内出土劳作俑比较集中的地区分为六个区域,具体包含陕西及豫西地区、河南地区、两湖及豫南地区、山东及苏北地区、岭南地区和河北地区。通过劳作俑在类型、数量、形态、制作技术等各方面的对比来阐释不同地区间的区域联系性以及地域的独特性。通过对比研究发现,西南地区出土的劳作俑无论是数量上还是类型上都较其他地区丰富,而且劳作俑的体型高大,对劳作俑制作也提出了更高的要求。西南地区的劳作俑古拙而质朴,它不严格追求精确的比例,但却栩栩如生,生动而有感染力。陶俑的表情也大都眉目舒展、面带笑容,这或许也体现出了汉代西南地区人们的乐观性格以及生活的安定。西南地区出土的劳作俑多为单体陶俑,陶俑所表现出的内涵均具有独立性,陶俑既可单独组合使用,又可搭配陂塘水田或房屋模型来表现不同的劳动场景,因此这些陶俑作为构成其丧葬观念的小道具被使用,使用者随意购买,在丧葬之际随便搭配来在墓葬里表现当时的生前生活场景。而北方地区多为表现粮食加工过程的陶俑,多为模型明器附俑,陶俑也多为捏制,陶俑形象仅作为劳作场景的组成部分放置而忽略了陶俑本身的形态特征。最后,通过墓葬中出土的劳作俑来反映汉代的社会面貌,劳作俑作为随葬明器既是墓葬丧葬文化的体现,同时也是社会生活的真实反馈。劳作俑伴随着地主庄园的兴起而出现的,成为墓葬随葬品中不可或缺的组成部分,也因此成为揭示汉代庄园经济特点的有力物证。通过墓葬中出土的劳作俑再现了汉代地主庄园生活的面貌和经济特点,也由此发现墓葬中劳作俑的原型是作为地主庄园的依附农或奴婢而存在。
[Abstract]:Work is a type of burial tomb figurines figurines, is engaged in various types of work or figurines, hand tools, or a variety of working condition. The Lao tombs unearthed figurines, is a product of the ancient funeral idea, and also reflects the social outlook. As a kind of material to a key, can reflect the real and vivid the social politics, economy, culture and so on various aspects of information, as a supplement to Literature and confirm each other, is undoubtedly of great historical value, and the working characteristics of the figurines itself, rich image, exquisite and exquisite production technology also has a very high artistic value. On the basis of the Han Dynasty, southwest Bashu culture on a variety of eclectic cultural factors including the Han culture, formed a unique cultural unit, in addition to the rare prevalence in other parts of the cliff and shaking Qian Shu, in the tombs in this area Also unearthed a large number of types of work work honestly, honestly is very rich, from the late Western Han Dynasty to the period has been extended. Therefore, on the southwest of the figurines unearthed in the archaeological work material sorting system, and geographical distribution, the type of work honestly, time evolution and with other regional comparison etc. help us to understand more deeply the work characteristics of the southwest figurines and reflected through the work of the figurines of life. For the first work of the figurines found are reviewed, and the work of violence in the time and space distribution are summarized. The statistics after the discovery, the southwestern region of the Lao figurines are mainly distributed in four the relative concentration of the region, namely Sichuan Chengdu plain and its surrounding area of Chongqing and Xichang, the Three Gorges area, Yunnan Dali, Chenggong and Zhaotong and the southwest region of Guizhou. And on the whole Exhibits a number of figurines unearthed in Sichuan work in Chengdu plain and its surrounding area and the tomb of Chongqing Three Gorges area and unearthed two regional labor figures of Yunnan Guizhou less number of features. But with the development of the times, the development of East Hanzhoung to work late to a prosperous period, the number of labor figures reached the maximum, the type most abundant. Extensive formation of the expansion trend in different regions. Secondly, due to the current definition of the work of the figurines there is no uniform standard, so according to the work of the working state of a tool, and a working classification research on work honestly will be divided into two, categories are engaged in agricultural production and do the housework, and according to the specific form and meticulous division. Which is engaged in agriculture such as holding spade hoe hold figurines, figurines, figurines, holding (?) holding a sickle bar figurines, figurines, figurines, drums, seedling plants carry figurines, figurines and pot plant name fan China engaged in housework. The figures can be divided into a kitchen work, sundry figurines and master home in the kitchen work. Such as figurines figurines, a fish figurines, figurines, figurines figurines and jars, tray and figurines; home chores such as figurines, figurines figurines to Jizhou negative things, etc.; master in figurines such as: hold the bag with a mirror figurines, figurines, figurines and other surface. Then they work according to the geographical distribution of the characteristics and types of violence to work honestly staging research, will be divided into three stages of the development of the era, the late Western Han Dynasty to the early Eastern Han Dynasty, in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and to the end of the Han Dynasty the period from the total body can be seen to work honestly from simple to complex development trend of the times, from coarse to fine. Again, through to the southwest to fully understand the types of figurines in number, etc., will work with the rest of a comparative study of the nationwide work unearthed figurines are concentrated in areas divided into six areas, Including Shaanxi and Henan, Henan, Hubei and Hunan and south of Henan, Shandong and Northern Jiangsu area, south of the Five Ridges area and Hebei area. Through the work honestly in the type, quantity, form, comparison of all aspects of production technology to different parts of the area between the interpretation and the link of regional uniqueness. Through the comparative study found that southwest unearthed figurines work either the number or types are abundant, and the work of the figurines tall, also put forward higher requirements on the labor production. In the southwest of the Lao figurines figurines unadorned and simple, it is not strictly the pursuit of accurate proportion, but true to life, vivid and appealing the expression is mostly clear. Pottery stretch, smiling, perhaps this also reflects the Han people of the southwest region, optimistic character and stability of life. Southwest unearthed work for single pottery figurines, The connotation of figures shown are independent, pottery can be used in combination alone, and collocation of the paddy field or the housing model to represent the different labor scene, so these figures as the funeral concept composed of small props are used, users purchase freely, in the occasion of the funeral to show that his casual collocation of life the scene in the tombs. While the northern region for food processing as funerary objects of the figurines, figurines, figurines are mostly made of pottery, image only as part of the labor scene placed while ignoring the morphological characteristics of pottery itself. Finally, through the tombs unearthed in the Han Dynasty figurines work to reflect the social outlook honestly, work as the embodiment of the funeral culture is grave funerary object, but also the realistic social life. With the rise of a feedback landlord and become the tombs with An integral part of burial goods, has become a powerful evidence to reveal the characteristics of the Han Dynasty manor economy. Through the tombs unearthed in Lao figurines reproduces the appearance and economic characteristics of the Han Dynasty manor life, which also found in the tombs of the figurines work as the prototype garden Zhuang peasants or slaves.

【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K878.8

【参考文献】