回鹘商业发展史研究

发布时间：2018-02-27 16:45

  本文关键词： 回鹘 商业 研究　出处：《西北民族大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：回鹘是今天维吾尔族、裕固族的共同祖先。公元4世纪,回纥之名始现史书,北魏时为铁勒一部。605年,形成以回纥为首的联盟;646年,在漠北初创游牧政权;744年,回鹘汗国建立。漠北回鹘汗国时期传统的畜牧业经济得以迅速发展,为回鹘商业贸易的发展提供了源动力。在商业经济的发展下,又带动回鹘畜牧业、农业、手工业的发展及城市的广泛建设,回鹘人实现了定居生活。商业经济发展成汗国经济的支柱产业,而世居漠北的回鹘族人,重用善于经商的粟特人,积极经营发展与周边民族政权间的友好关系,为回鹘对外商贸经济的发展创造良好的环境。漠北回鹘汗国强盛的局面维持了将近一个多世纪,终在内忧外患中因无力抵抗天灾人祸,于840年走向灭亡。漠北回鹘汗国溃亡后,诸部四散流亡,其中一支西迁到河西地区,建立以甘州为中心的回鹘政权;一支西迁到高昌、焉耆一带,建立以高昌为中心的回鹘王国。回鹘所处的河西、西域地区,不仅是连接东西方的桥梁,也是各种商品、文化荟萃地,因回鹘商人善识珍宝,通晓各地语言,成为沟通中西商贸的中介者,对维护丝绸之路的畅通起到了重要的作用。西迁的回鹘,继续与中原诸政权、西夏、辽、金保持着频繁的交流,并与西方的阿拉伯、印度、波斯、罗马等国也进行着频繁的商业交往,成为连接东西方经济、文化交流的纽带。回鹘通过与周边政权间的经贸往来,获取巨额经济利润,凭借其地理位置的优势,控制了丝绸之路这条连接东西方经济、文化交流的交通命脉,垄断了东西方的商业贸易,崛起为丝绸之路上的商业霸主,也成为丝绸之路上一个通过主动经商而发展起来的少数民族。回鹘政权存在长达五个世纪之久,对河西走廊、西域及丝绸之路的发展有着不可磨灭的贡献。一般情况下,中央政府主导的贸易,出发点是服务于政治的,而我国境内的各民族,与周边其他政权及民族间的贸易,一般都是被动贸易,很少有哪个民族通过主动商业贸易发展壮大的,只有一个例外,那就是回鹘。在研究回鹘商业发展史的过程中,可以看到,回鹘的贸易是主动的,这在元代色目人入居中原形成回族之前,是没有任何一个民族可与之相提并论的。这一现象对民族的发展及其强大,文化的交流,文明的传播都具有全新的理念和启发。回鹘以兼容并蓄的民族特点,擅于向其他各民族学习,以海纳百川的心胸,吸收汉、阿拉伯、波斯、印度等文化的精华,发扬自己的优良品质,来充实、发展自己的民族文化。在主动对外贸易中,回鹘人不惧艰险,积极奔走,足迹遍及海内外,这也是一个发展中民族应该学习借鉴的。
[Abstract]:The Uighur is the common ancestor of today's Uygur and Yugur. In 4th century, the name Huihe began to appear in history, and in the Northern Wei Dynasty it was a Tailor. In 605, the Uighur formed an alliance headed by Huihe; in 646, the nomadic regime was established in the north of the desert; in 744, The establishment of the Uighur khanate. The traditional animal husbandry economy developed rapidly during the Mobei Uygur period, which provided a source for the development of the Uighur commercial trade. With the development of the commercial economy, the Uyghur animal husbandry and agriculture were also promoted. With the development of handicraft industry and the extensive construction of the city, the Uighurs realized their settled life. The commercial economy developed into the pillar industry of the khanate economy. By actively managing and developing friendly relations with the neighboring ethnic regimes, we have created a good environment for the development of the Uighur's foreign trade and economy. The situation of the strong and prosperous Uygur khanates in the northern desert has been maintained for more than a century. In the end, because of their inability to resist natural and man-made disasters, they died in 840. After the collapse of the northern Uygur khanate, they dispersed and exiled, one of them moved west to the Hexi region to establish a Uighur regime centered on Ganzhou, and one moved westward to Gaochang. In the Yanqi area, a Uighur kingdom centered around Gaochang was established. The Hexi and Xiyu regions, where the Uighurs are located, are not only a bridge linking the East and the West, but also a place of various commodities and cultures, because the Uighur merchants are good at knowing treasures and know the languages of different places. The Uighur, who moved westward, continued to maintain frequent exchanges with the Central Plains regimes, Xixia, Liao, and Jin, and maintained frequent exchanges with the Western Arab, Indian, Persian, and Western Arab, Indian, and Persian. Rome and other countries are also engaged in frequent business exchanges, becoming the link between the East and the West in economic and cultural exchanges. The Uighur has made huge economic profits through economic and trade exchanges with the neighboring regimes, and has relied on its geographical advantages. He controlled the Silk Road, the transportation lifeline that connects the East and the West with economic and cultural exchanges, monopolized the commercial trade between the East and the West, and rose to become a commercial hegemon on the Silk Road. The Uighur regime, which has existed for five centuries, has made an indelible contribution to the development of the Hexi Corridor, the Western region and the Silk Road. In general, the Uyghur regime has made an indelible contribution to the development of the Western Corridor, the Western region and the Silk Road. Trade led by the central government serves politics at the starting point, and the trade between the various ethnic groups in our country, with the surrounding political regimes and ethnic groups, is generally passive trade. Very few ethnic groups have developed and grown through active commercial trade. There is only one exception, that is, the Uighur. In the course of studying the history of business development of the Uighur, we can see that the trade of the Uighurs was active, which was prior to the formation of the Hui nationality in the Central Plains by the Ximu people in the Yuan Dynasty. There is no nation like this. This phenomenon has a completely new concept and inspiration for the development of the nation and its strength, the exchange of cultures and the spread of civilization. The Uighur has an all-inclusive national character. Good at learning from other nationalities, absorbing the essence of Chinese, Arab, Persian, Indian and other cultures in order to enrich and develop their own national culture. The Uighurs, without fear of danger, actively run around the world. This is what a developing nation should learn from.
【学位授予单位】：西北民族大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F729;K28

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