4-6岁儿童选择性信任：认知模型的使用

发布时间：2018-03-09 07:30

本文选题：选择性信任　切入点：认知模型　出处：《鲁东大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：选择性信任指面对多个信息提供者时,个体依据信息提供者提供的不同信息,辨别他们的可信程度,从而有选择的相信某个(些)信息提供者的行为。研究证实,从3岁起,儿童已经认识到有些人是值得信任的,有些人是不值得信任的,但在具体的认知过程中,儿童往往对认知对象表现出过度的信任。儿童的选择性信任的主要研究范式是“熟悉-测试”范式,该范式分为熟悉阶段和信任测试阶段。行为一致性指熟悉阶段行为与信任测试阶段行为的匹配程度,按照行为一致到不一致分别对应“相同行为”、“相似行为”、“无关行为”。“相同行为”指代熟悉阶段行为与信任测试阶段行为一致,“相似行为”指代熟悉阶段行为与信任测试阶段行为有一定程度上的关联,“无关行为”指代熟悉阶段行为与信任测试阶段行为没有联系。选择性信任的影响因素主要分为认知性线索和社会性线索,认知性线索主要指儿童获得某些知识的特性,社会性线索主要涵盖儿童在与人交往之中获得的信息。发展心理学家对选择性信任的认知加工提出了三种模型,分别为“行为匹配”模型、“形成总体印象”模型、“特质推理”模型。本研究旨在探究儿童在选择性信任中使用何种认知模型,将选择性信任经典研究范式的“熟悉-测试”两个阶段进行一定的改造,运用实验法,探究儿童选择性信任使用的认知模型。被试来自山东烟台市与青岛市各一所普通幼儿园,共选取89名儿童,使用3(行为一致性)×3(年龄)混合实验设计,其中行为一致性为被试内变量,包括相同行为、相似行为、无关行为;年龄为被试间变量,为4岁、5岁、6岁。因变量为选择性信任分数。实验使用同批被试,实验一从认知性线索角度、实验二从社会性线索的角度,分别探究儿童选择性信任中认知模型的使用。实验得到的结论如下:(1)儿童选择性信任所使用的认知模型并非唯一。在认知性线索下,4岁儿童使用“特质推理”模型对选择性信任进行加工,5、6岁儿童则使用“形成总体印象”模型进行加工。(2)在社会性线索下,4、5岁儿童使用“形成总体印象”模型对选择性信任进行加工,6岁儿童则使用“特质推理”模型进行加工。
[Abstract]:Selective trust refers to the behavior of individuals who selectively believe in an information provider based on the different information provided by the information provider in order to selectively trust a particular information provider when faced with multiple information providers. Children have realized that some people are trustworthy, some are not trustworthy, but in specific cognitive processes, Children often show excessive trust in their cognitive objects. The main research paradigm of children's selective trust is the "familiarity-test" paradigm. This paradigm is divided into familiar phase and trust test phase. Behavior consistency refers to the matching degree between the familiar phase behavior and the trust test phase behavior. According to the behavior consistency to inconsistency, respectively corresponding to "same behavior", "similar behavior", "irrelevant behavior". "identical behavior" refers to the behavior of the familiar phase and the trust test phase, and "similar behavior" refers to the familiar stage behavior and the trust phase behavior. The behavior of any test stage is related to some extent, "irrelevant behavior" means that there is no relation between the behavior of familiar phase and the behavior of trust test. The influencing factors of selective trust are mainly cognitive clues and social cues. Cognitive cues mainly refer to the characteristics of children's acquisition of certain knowledge, and social cues mainly cover the information obtained by children in their interactions with people. Development psychologists have proposed three models for the cognitive processing of selective trust. They are "behavior matching" model, "overall impression formation" model and "trait reasoning" model. The purpose of this study was to explore the cognitive models used by children in selective trust. The two stages of "familiarity test" in the classical research paradigm of selective trust were reformed to a certain extent, and the cognitive model of selective trust use of children was explored by using the experimental method. The subjects were from an ordinary kindergarten in Yantai city, Shandong province and Qingdao city, respectively. A total of 89 children were selected and used 3 (behavioral consistency) 脳 3 (age) mixed experimental design, in which behavioral consistency was the variables within the subjects, including the same behavior, similar behavior, independent behavior, and age was the variable between the subjects. The dependent variable was a selective trust score. The experiment used the same batch of subjects. Experiment 1 was from the perspective of cognitive cues, and experiment 2 was from the perspective of social cues. The result of the experiment is as follows: 1) the cognitive model used by children with selective trust is not the only one. Under cognitive cues, 4-year-old children use "trait reasoning" model. Type II processing of selective trust in children aged 5 to 6 years old using "overall impression formation" model for processing. (2) under social cues, children aged 4 to 5 years old use the model of "forming overall impression" to process selective trust in children of 6 years old. Then using the "trait reasoning" model for processing.
【学位授予单位】：鲁东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B844.1

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